Development of children Essay

The social and emotional development of a childs identity and self image starts from birth. In the first five years of a childs life , children learn how to interact with others, learn what is acceptable. Every child is unique and they all develope at their own pace. Birth to 3 years- As a baby a child will overcome lots of obsticles such as hand to hand co-ordination, learning to sit up and stand, learning to feed themselves, learning to put words together. Children learn to play alongside instead of with other children, they test behaviours as they learn what is right and wrong. They need lots of emotional support from their parents. Ages 3-6 years- At this age the children will have a short attention span, They are learning self awareness and imagination, what is socially acceptable behaviour and what is not. The child will start to develope more language and communication skills and they will be starting to assert their own identity. Age 7, They will be identifying feelings and emotions, identifying dangerous situations and who to go to for help. They will be learning to identify the difference between ‘needs’ and ‘wants’. Age 8, The child will be able to express emotions in appropriate ways i.e appreciation, anger. Calm themselves and control strong emotions. Eight year olds will be proud of the fact they are able to do many things on their own and will express a desire for privacy. At the same time they will still need guidence and support from their parents.They may compare themselves to their friends and peers. Ages 9-12 , Children should have good communication skills, i.e communication care consideration and respect. Identify personal skills, recognise the difference between positive and negative friendships and understand the importance of family. Ages 12-16- this is a time where children reach sexual maturity and form an adult identity. During adolescence , physical changes in height and weight are usually a noticable change. Mood swings are common due to the increase in hormones. Between 12 and 16, they begin to imagine the possibilities life holds and start to set personal goals. Influences which may affect development in children include- -Stress -Negative experiences -Genetic illnesses, disorders and allergies -The childs background and where they may live -The influence of adults around the child -Religious social and economic factors. How might adults within a school setting encourage pupils to recognise and express thier own emotions? What are the possible signs and possible causes of emotional distress? Within school teachers can encourage children to recognise and express their emotions through role playing, art & design, drama, music, poatry and stories. These can provide an important opportunity for developing self confidence. An example of this is circle time sessions, these provide social and emotional learning. The class of pupils sit in a circle, exchanging ideas and feelings on different topics which are important to them . As they are sat in a circle, there is no leader, they are all equal and all have the opportunity to speak. Pupils can bring their own ideas or concerns to the circle and offer encouragement to others. Most schools have a school council where pupils can take part in desicion making. Students can bring up school improvement issues or issues affecting the classroom. Possible causes of emotional distress- -Problems at school, bullying or struggling with the work -Feeling left out and lonely, or having trouble making friends -Problems at home i.e parents not getting along and arguing. Maybe the parents have split up or the child has a new family member. -Death of a pet or relative -Abuse Possible signs of emotional distress- -Refusing to go to school -Difficulty learning -illness -Sad, frequent crying -Nightmare, difficulty sleeping -Moody and temper tantrums -Anxeity and panic attacks -Unable to concentrate -Unable to eat In teenagers some other signs could include -Alcohol/drug abuse -Violence/thefts -Not looking after themselves or over-concern with thier appearence -Self harm. Task 7 , Describe your expected role in the care and support of Individual pupils. A teaching assistant would provide care & support by encouraging the child to concentrate on what has been asked of them. Some children will require more one on one attention to help them to understand. This could involve repeating and explaining instructions from the teacher in a more simple manner. Some pupils may need extra help finding thier way around the school and getting to class rooms on time. In younger children, assisting them in the bathroom, and helping them to get dressed. Helping disabled children with physical activities such as swimming or P.E. The teaching assistant may be required to support children outside of school too, such as educational visits. Good quality relationships between children and teachers are very important when providing support, whether the relationship is through a single lesson or over a number of lessons. To gain a good relationship the teaching assistant should use good communication skills, such as friendly body language, eye contact, listening and showing respect. Greet the children by name, even out of class. Show some interest in their interests. Celebrate their achievements and display their work. What possible problems may you encounter and briefly describe how you might deal with each case? Through day to day contact with pupils, staff have an important role to play in noticing indicators of possible problems, Such as peer pressure and internal group dynamics. This could result in misunderstandings, strong emotions and class disruptions.The teaching assistant should recognise uncharacteristic behaviour patterns in pupils and deal with any difficulities which could damage the relationship with the pupil. Some problems a teaching assistant may encounter could be a disruptive pupil questioning authority, unhappy with marks they have been given on there work. A student may be emotionally unstable and become aggressive towards the staff. Constant disruptions prevent other students from concentrating on their work. Teaching assistants should always act within the policies and codes of conduct so they do not put themselves into situations that could lead to misunderstanding or accusations. When responding to these situations , the teaching assistant should remind the pupils of class room rules. The pupil may want to back track on what has been said. This should be honoured but remind the pupil that these disruptions will not be tolerated. If the problem is repeated the student should be removed from the classroom and the problem discussed with a supervisor. These incidents should be recorded. What is your role in responding to accidents and aliments? The teaching assistant does not have the sole responsibility for the safety of pupils and staff but if an emergency should arise the teaching assitant will need to act fast- – The teaching assistant should report any changes to a childs well-being to the teacher immediately. – Alert the emmergency services if necessary and obtain medical equipment for the first aider. – Reassure the pupil and make them comfortable. – Comply with the schools policy about recording a childs health. -Once the situation is stable , the parents should be notified. List common childhood illnesses and briefly discribe how you would recognise the symptoms of those illnesses in the children that you support

Examples Of Acute Injuries Health And Social Care Essay

To be fit and healthy it is of import that you exercise, nevertheless, exert excessively much and you could wound yourself. This can be caused by ; An accident while developing Insufficient equipment Pushing yourself excessively difficult Not warming up decently Sports hurts can be classed into two classs ; Acute hurt Overuse hurt An acute hurt is on in which there is rapid oncoming of hurting is ensuing from an incident that has been traumatic for illustration, an hurt. It is usually impact on a specific portion of the organic structure. Examples of acute hurts are ; Sprains are hurts to ligaments by stretching them excessively far or by being torn. Ligaments are hempen tissue which holds castanetss together every bit good as to maintain your organic structure in place forestalling any unwanted motions. Examples of ligaments are ; the calcaneoifbular ligament in the mortise joint which is the damaged ligament in the image on the right. A sprain is an hurt to a musculus or to a sinew. Muscles move your skeleton and this in bend pulls on a sinew which is connected to a bone. Both can be stretched but if they are stretched to far it can do a tear in it. A bruise or contusion in common footings, is one of the most common athleticss hurts. These occur when a blood vas underneath the tegument ruptures due to compressive force to a musculus. Blood so leaks into the dermis bed of the tegument, doing stain. This can besides happen to variety meats. Dislocation is the separation of two castanetss at their meeting articulation due to sudden force to the joint ; this is clearly shown by the image on the left. Therefore, the bone is no longer in its normal place. Dislocation can do harm to the tissues environing the bone every bit good as any ligaments attached to the bone. Damage can besides be done to the blood vass and nervousnesss. A break is a status where the bone has broken or when there is a cleft nowadays in the bone. These occur due to high force or emphasis on the bone. Fractures can happen in any bone in the human organic structure, nevertheless, castanetss can usually defy most impacts and it is merely if the force is excessively much it fractures. There are several different categories which breaks can be classed into ; all are identified on the right. Closed/Simple break is when the bone is merely damaged and there has been no harm done to the tissue or tegument environing the bone. Compound/Open break is when the tegument or tissue environing the break has been damaged. There is a higher hazard of infection with this type due to the harm to the tegument. Overuse hurts are those that are caused by repeating actions which damage sinews, ligaments, musculuss and tissues in the same topographic point over a period of clip. Common overexploitation hurts are ; Tennis cubitus is due to hurt of both the musculus and sinew on the exterior of the radius and ulna, or more specifically the sidelong epicondyle. It is caused my overexploitation of the forearm musculuss ensuing in hurting. It is most common in tennis participants ; nevertheless, you do non necessitate to be a tennis drama to acquire this. Golfer ‘s cubitus is a similar status to tennis cubitus, merely this status affects the musculus and sinews on the interior of the arm. Iliotibial set syndrome ( ITBS ) is caused by insistent injury to the Iliotibial set which is present in legs and runs along the exterior of the thigh which keeps the articulatio genus in topographic point as it flexes and extends. ITBS is the overexploitation of this set ensuing in hurting specifically during running and redness of the iliotibial set. A Shin splint occur when there is a repeating and a big sum of exercising being done. This puts big sums of force per unit area onto the leg which can do hurt to the bone and tissue that surrounds it. Shin splints can besides be where little cryings develop in the interosseous membrane in the leg or bantam breaks develop on the surface of the shinbone. Sports hurts are really common. One of which is a broken leg, this happened to American football broad receiving system Tyrone Prothro who played for the University of Alabama between 2003 and 2005. On 1st October 2005, during a game versus the Florida Gators, Prothro went for a touchdown base on balls and got hit in the air and the manner he landed on the land he fractured both the shinbone and calf bone. Since the leg is deformed, this would be classed as a terrible shinbone and fibula break ensuing in the inability to stand and walk every bit good as failing in both the leg and pes. Damage was more than probably done to the environing tissue, nervousnesss and blood vass.First assistanceFirst assistance is really of import when it comes to an injured individual. There are a figure of regulations in which you can follow ; DR ABC is a mnemotechnic which is used shortly after person got injured ;Danger –Check the country and do certain you and the people around you are safe, particularly the injured individual.Response –Can the injured individual hear you? Can they open and shut their eyes? Any motions? Response to touch?Airway –Is there a obstruction in the pharynx or have they swallowed their lingua? Is the caput in a suited place to let external respiration? Care should be taken non to do anything worse but the air passage must be cleared if it is blocked.Breathing –Can the injured individual breathe clearly?Circulation –Is there a pulsation? Is the pulse weak / strong / racing R.I.C.E is another mnemonic that is used for tissue hurts ;Rest –This is of import for mending the organic structure as without it more strain would be placed on the injured country taking to more hurt.Ice –Ice is perfect for cut downing redness and any hurting caused. It is recommended that you ice for 20 proceedingss and so no ice for 20 proceedingss. This can cut down the opportunity of acquiring frostbite, every bit good as wrapping the ice in a towel before puting it on the injured country. If you use the ice for excessively long, this can protract the repairing clip as it will curtail the blood flow to the country, which can cut down the foods acquiring the tissues of the injured country.Compression –Compaction is used to cut down the puffiness that is from redness but everyone does acquire some puffiness. For this an elastic patch is better as it does non curtail the blood flow every bit is non to be excessively tight.ElevationA ­ –Elevation is go od at cut downing swelling by the higher sum of blood which returns to the systemic circulation. This interruption is easy to name by the usage of modern imaging techniques ; X raies CT scan Magnetic resonance imagings scan Bone scan Extremity ultrasound However, in Tyrone Prothro fortunes, he was given an X-ray as this was the fastest technique to utilize and is the least expensive. X raies are high photon energy electromagnetic radiation which can be used in both diagnosing and therapy. As the beams pass thought the organic structure, the photons present in your organic structure are absorbed at different rates ; this is what produces the image. The stuffs in your organic structure which are heavy, like bone, show up as white countries on the image. The parts of your organic structure which are made of softer stuff, like musculuss and variety meats, show up as darker countries. X raies can be unsafe if the does given is excessively much for the organic structure, nevertheless, medical X raies are usually are a really little dose degree, intending the opportunity of radiation harm to your organic structure is little. Due to the manner in which Tyrone Prothro fractured his shinbone and calf bone, surgery had to be the option due to being the quickest option as without it, it would take old ages to mend or might ne'er mend and will invariably be in hurting. He had to acquire three separate surgeries due to the harm done to the tissue, nervus and blood vas harm. The physicians put an intramedullary rod in his leg which will aline the leg and aid to repair the break. The IM rod was inserted into the inside of the castanetss, where the bone marrow is present. This is the best manner to assist mend the broken shinbone and calf bone as it does non back up the bone ; alternatively it portions the burden with the bone. Rehabilitation of the broken shinbone and calf bone would be used to reconstruct the map of the limb, every bit best as possible and to cut down the uncomfortableness the patient is in. The patient may necessitate the usage of crutches, depending on the weight bearing place. The physician may besides make up one's mind if Tyrone would necessitate the usage of an orthopedic dramatis personae, which means the leg would be covered by plaster to make a shell type shell. This is to cut down the motion the injured limb to make which will diminish the healing clip. Once the dramatis personae has been removed, the patient will hold to see a physical therapist to recover strength and scope of gesture in the leg. However, it will ne'er be the same as what he had before the hurt. Both the shinbone and calf bone may get down to mend within 6 to 16 hebdomads of the hurt, but the capableness of the bone to prolong a heavy burden could take up to a twelvemonth, intending the injured may be is some kind of uncomfortableness until so.REHABILITATION VISITSNon-surgicalSpecialist Fracture, Tibia or Fibula Physical Therapist Up to 20 visits within 8 hebdomadsSurgicalSpecialist Fracture, Tibia or Fibula Physical Therapist Up to 16 visits within 8 hebdomads hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mdguidelines.com/fracture-tibia-or-fibula/rehabilitation The tabular array is how frequently you would hold to see a physical therapist if you had a broken shinbone and calf bone. Or Tyrone Prothro, surgery was the option, intending one time he was released from infirmary and ready, he would hold to see the physical therapist 16 times within the infinite of 8 hebdomads, means 2 times a hebdomad. Due to the harm that was done and his leg ne'er to the full retrieving, intending he was advised ne'er to play football once more, his calling finished. Prevention of athleticss hurts There are six stairss that are extremely of import to cut down the hazard of athleticss hurts ; Warm up Do non over do it Stay hydrated Using the right technique Use of the proper equipment Cool downSports businessThe athleticss profession that I have chosen to analyze in this unit is physiotherapy. Physiotherapy helps to reconstruct the map and motion in any portion of the organic structure where the homo has been consequence by a disablement, unwellness or hurt. This is usually done through motion, exercising and instruction. The American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties ( ABPTS ) , province that there are 8 believable types of physical therapy ; Sports – This has to be the most common type of physical therapy, being used every twenty-four hours. It is the direction of hurts for all types of jocks, amateur to Olympian. It involves the intervention and healing of hurts. Orthopedic – This type helps to place and care for hurts or upsets of the musculoskeletal system. Pediatric – This type is all about bettering coordination and balance within a human every bit good as their motor accomplishments. It can besides be used to concentrate on strength and endurance. Worlds with conditions such as, spina bifida and intellectual paralysis. Normally this is used on kids and striplings. Cardiovascular and Pneumonic – This is for the intervention of worlds with cardiovascular and pneumonic upsets, every bit good as those who have had cardiac or pneumonic surgery such as, beltway surgery. This is used in worlds with the undermentioned upsets ; pneumonic fibrosis, CORD ( Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Disease ) , bosom onslaughts. Geriatric – This type of physical therapy is for the huge sum of conditions that affect worlds as they grow old and hence would merely be practiced on the aged. A few illustrations of the conditions are as follows ; Alzheimer ‘s disease, malignant neoplastic disease, arthritis and osteoporosis. Neurological – This type is practiced on those with a neurological upset such as, Alzheimer ‘s disease, intellectual paralysis, Parkinson ‘s disease and motor neurone disease Clinical electrophysiology – This type usually is used with electrophysiological rating where an EMG ( electromyography ) is used. Integumentary – This is used as a intervention for tegument and organ conditions like Burnss and lesions.University degreePhysiotherapy is degree based calling, intending you have to travel through university if you wish to go a physical therapist. University of Ulster is the lone university in Northern Ireland to offer a grade, specifically, a BSc Hons in physical therapy. ‘The university provinces that appliers must ; Keep a GCSE base on balls in English Language at Grade C or above ( or equivalent ) .A You must besides hold obtained a GCSE base on balls in Mathematicss at grade C or above ( or equivalent ) .A degreeGrades BBB to include one scientific discipline topic from Biology, Chemistry, Maths, Physics or Double Award Applied ScienceA ( with a BB in Double Award Applied Science ) .Irish Leaving CertificateB2B2B3B3B3 at higher degree – to include two topics from Maths, Physics, Biology or Chemistry. English and Maths Grade D at Higher Level or Grade C at Ordinary Level.BTEC National DiplomaSuccessful completion of a scientific discipline related BTEC National Diploma with a DDM profile.A Base on balls with overall norm of 70 – 71 % to include 70 % in each concluding twelvemonth faculty. Concluding twelvemonth faculties must include 2 from the followers: – Mathematicss ( with maths to be presented at degree 3 ) , Biology, Physics, Chemistry. Applicants must besides sit the Health Professions Admissions Test consequences in a satisfactory public presentation in the HPAT. Equally good as proving all campaigners are required to undergo a medical scrutiny and condemnable records cheque ( AccessNI ) . ‘ hypertext transfer protocol: //prospectus.ulster.ac.uk/course/ ? id=9773 BSc Hons in Physiotherapy is a three twelvemonth class consequences in peoples run intoing the demand of physical therapists in the current wellness attention system, the NHS or via private patterns. In each of the three old ages you study ;Year 1Development of professional individuality and professionalism – ‘Knowledge and Skills for Professional Practice ‘ , and ‘Communication and Psychology for the Health Sciences ‘ . An apprehension of nucleus topics: Physiology and, Structure, Function and Assessment of the Human Body. Specific accomplishments are taught with respect to cardio-respiratory, galvanism, walking rehabilitation and curative exercising. Students undertake a one hebdomad orientation and a six hebdomad clinical arrangement.Year 2Neurological rehabilitation. Spinal disfunction and rehabilitation. Musculoskeletal. Pediatricss. Oncology. Amputation rehabilitation. Students undertake two six hebdomad clinical arrangements.Year 3Cardio-respiratory and professional issues develop consciousness of the function of the physical therapist within the multidisciplinary squad and in a altering clinical environment. Students undertake an fact-finding undertaking or thesis Students undertake two six hebdomad clinical arrangements. hypertext transfer protocol: //prospectus.ulster.ac.uk/course/ ? id=9773Professional AdministrationsOnce you have completed the class, you leave with a BSc ( Bachelor of Science ) in Physiotherapy and are hence eligible for ‘registration with the Health and Care Professions Council ( HCPC ) , this was set up with the Health Service reform 2002 and rank of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy ( CSP ) . As a physical therapy pupil at the University of Ulster, they recommend that you join CSP every bit shortly as possible with rank being a one off payment.Personal QualitiesAs a physical therapist it is of import that they are fit and healthy, to put an illustration to your clients. Good communicating and societal accomplishments are cardinal to guarantee a good relationship between the healer and the patient. Tolerance and forbearance is an of import quality, due to this being a really manus on calling.CareersBeyond obtaining the BSc in physical therapy, you can either travel into a calling or make a graduate student grade, MSc which is a Maestro of Science. The University of Ulster offers Physiotherapy at MSc degree. If one does non desire to travel on to make a graduate student grade so it is possible to travel into the universe of work, the possibilities are eternal with physical therapy due to the huge sums of athleticss played in the universe or any other types of physical thera py ( ABPTS ) are needed on a day-to-day footing.NHS V. Private CareThere are assorted occupations available on the NHS ( National Health Service ) and private practicians, both of which are extremely regarded. With the NHS based occupations, they would be working in a infirmary environment and are needed in most of the sections ; Outpatients Intensive attention Women ‘s wellness Care of the aged Stroke patients Orthopedicss Mental unwellness Learning troubles Occupational wellness Terminally ill Pediatricss This means that they will invariably be on the clocked and needed for assorted things. Physical therapists do non merely work in the infirmary environing ; they would work in assorted environments ; Industry Particular schools The private sector ( for illustration, private pattern ) Education Leisure & A ; athletics For physical therapists that are in the private sector would work in the same rules as those on the NHS, nevertheless, the private subdivision physios will hold to be paid for. There are three sets for physical therapists on the NHS, all have a different wage ; 21,176 – ?27,534 ( band 5 ) 25,472 – ?34,189 for specializer physical therapists ( band 6 ) 30,460 – ?40,157 for advanced physical therapists ( band 7 ) The physical therapists that work in the private sector will by and large hold the same wage as those on the NHS. Medical Physics – Roger Muncaster hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/sports-injuries/Pages/Introduction.aspx hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sportsmd.com/sportsmd_articles/id/347.aspx hypertext transfer protocol: //sportsmedicine.about.com/od/glossary/g/acute_def.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //orthopedics.about.com/cs/sprainsstrains/a/sprain.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howtotreatasprainedankle.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/sprained-ankle-pic.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.examples10.com/e/ligaments/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/19618.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //emedicine.medscape.com/article/88153-overview hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp? articlekey=135557 & A ; ref=132720 hypertext transfer protocol: //images.emedicinehealth.com/images/healthwise/medical/hw/n5550698.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.empowher.com/files/ebsco/images/si55550720.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chanorthopaedics.com.sg/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/type-of-fracture.gif hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173312.php hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nsmi.org.uk/articles/overuse-injuries.html hypertext transfer protocol: //img.webmd.boots.com/dtmcms/live/webmd_uk/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/health_and_medical_reference/joints_bones_and_muscles/arthritis_tennis_elbow.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.webmd.boots.com/osteoarthritis/guide/tennis-elbow hypertext transfer protocol: //davidrobertsphysio.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/golferselbow.gif hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sdri.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/ITBS1-201Ãâ€"300.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicinenet.com/iliotibial_band_syndrome/article.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //0.tqn.com/f/p/440/graphics/images/en/19482.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //sportsmedicine.about.com/b/2007/08/21/shin-splints.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/shin-splints/Pages/Introduction.aspx hypertext transfer protocol: //blog.al.com/rapsheet/2009/04/medium_t1_proth_si.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.manlyweb.com/sports/injuries/prothro.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/i77_l.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.freemd.com/tibia-fracture/overview.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //image.sciencesource.com/photos/preview/7w/7w2937.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teachpe.com/multi/dr_abc.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.freemd.com/tibia-fracture/evaluation.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //sportsmedicine.about.com/cs/rehab/a/rice.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.body-dynamics.co.uk/rice.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/x-ray/pages/introduction.aspx hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tyroneprothro.com/news.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //orthoinfo.aaos.org/figures/A00525F02.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //orthopedics.about.com/cs/brokenbones/g/imrod.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mdguidelines.com/fracture-tibia-or-fibula/rehabilitation hypertext transfer protocol: //www.louisbarnett.com/leg-cast.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //sportsmedicine.about.com/cs/injuryprevention/a/aa101801a.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Sports-injuries/Pages/Prevention.aspx

Elections in India Essay

The process, which is the essence of every democracy, would have been wrapped up and done with, by the Republic of India, by the time this edition of the Pioneer reaches your hands. Of course, I refer to the General Elections, the time, perhaps the only time, for the population to have their say- the say which would decide the future of their nation and may be their own! Change is the only constant, they say, and elections are no exception to this. The vogue of elections has changed considerably post-independence. Gone are the days when the politicians would travel long distances by foot to promote themselves and their party; the latest in fashion are the helicopters. Not only do the aspirants have their own websites, but also their very own blogs and jingles. The IT teams of various political parties have indeed come out with flying colours in making their chap look like the man next door. The Arvind Kejriwal’s video, in which he advocates for his brainchild- the AAP, has bee n viral on WhatsApp. Not only this, but many have received not only texts but also voice messages from the candidates from their constituency, requesting them for a vote in their favour. Over 70 million voters will cast their precious vote to choose their representative. More than one thousand political parties are taking part in this jumbo fair of democracy. To choose 543 members of the 16th Lok Sabha, it is estimated that the political parties will spend ten thousand crores of rupees. This amount includes the expenditure borne out of ticket buying, advertisements, campaigning (that includes the buying of liquor and giving out cash to the voters), booth capturing, party funds, buying weapons, travelling, and other accessories like flex boards, banners, flags, bags, pens, pins, posters, stickers, masks, photos etc., which practically, has no count. Ironically enough, the Election Commission grants only â‚ ¹70, 00000 for campaigning purposes to every candidate. To be able to make people believe that they are the favourites of the voters of their constituencies, boosts up their chance of winning, is a common belief of the Indian politicians. And the best of all the means to do that, are- rallies and road shows. A large chunk of the funds is granted to the party workers to bring large number of people and vehicles, to prove to the voting class, the colossal support the â€Å"leader† enjoys. In Punjab various artists are called upon, to sing the famous peppy numbers or perform Bhangra. In the south the Tamil and Telegu  film stars are called upon to gather the masses. The bollywood actors are all time favourites in the entire nation. We don’t need all this. With time, the society has given rise to a thinking class and this thinking class doesn’t find any sense in bringing a celebrity to campaign for you. If a candidate needs some celebs to come in and ask their fans to prove their loyalty to them by voting for Mr. X, then does that person really deserve even to be named as an aspirant for the post of a MP? If one really is a politician, with a connect with the masses, then they don’t require these pens and badges and what not, with their party symbol and stuff like that printed on it, to remind people of their existence. The least we expect, from our may-be legislators, is some sensibility. Gathering huge paid or threatened crowd at rallies is no big thing and definitely doesn’t make you credible. The money you indulge in fulfilling all your fancies and following the trend of the classic Indian elections, could have been used in a lot more productive way. And neta ji, its only for once after five years that you are reminded of your constituency, so why waste such a lot unproductively at once, it’s better that you don’t even do that for us.(In some way doing nothing with the money is better that throwing it in the bin.) Kudos to the Election Commission for the level of awareness it has created among the people about the importance of their vote. The most unfashionable thing you can do today is- not to vote, credits the ECI. Keeping all this in mind, it is sad to see even in cities like Mumbai, 50.7% voter turnout is all we reach, and that too is the maximum in 25 years. Remember, it is your own right you are despising. If you want to raise a finger at your government, you need to have it stained with that ink, or else you are not eligible even to criticise. And you know it is always better to vote for somebody than to vote against someone. The sad part is that we are still indifferent to whole of this process and unknown to the power our Constitution has prearranged for us. This concern for the nation is limited for party discussions and writing essays, but the fact remains, to quote Imelda Marcos. â€Å"Whoever wins or loses, we still go shopping after the elections.†

Policy brief (Russia ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy brief (Russia ) - Essay Example With inflation, hitting 7 percent, the prospect of the long periods of low energy prices has increased a lot of pressure on Russia, thereby revealing the problem of overreliance of the Russian economy on oil and natural gas (Gower, & Timmins, 2009). This paper discusses economic diversification as the best policy brief for this situation which is fast becoming a major economic problem in Russia. Introduction The Russian economic problems in the past have shown chronic characteristics i.e. they have shown long term effects, in the sense that the problem has been realized to be persistent in nature, and therefore requires structural measures (a substantial solution to problems facing all the factors of production in the economy). Recently, the Russian President, Putin, embarked on measures termed as ‘‘energetic’’ that rule tax increases out in the economy, but increase the ability and efficiency of the workforce operation (Gower, & Timmins, 2009). In accordanc e with economic principles, the current budget moves are necessary since too much state support normally disrupts the market conditions (both money and product) and lower the interest rates in the private sector investments and to particular sectors of the economy (Ellman, 2006). One crucial point to be realized however is the Russian government-owned Companies accounts for more than half of the economy since 2006. The global economy depends on the stability of the global demand and prices of goods and services. More specifically, Russian economy depends largely on the global demand and prices of its oil exports. In the event of further delay in recovery of the global demand, the Russian exports will be heavily depressed. In this context, the criticality of the Russian economy is directly dependent on the stability of oil price in the world, which currently depends on the Euro Zone recovery (Gower, & Timmins, 2009). With the United States impending involvement in the oil trade, whic h might lower the price of oil, much of the Russian vulnerability has been exposed, increasing the risk of overreliance on one sector of the economy. World Bank foresaw a reduced economic growth from 2.3 % to 1.8 % has been associated to slowdown in consumption, stuck investment demand as well as a continuing weak external environment. The increased 3.1% World Bank projection on Russian economic growth by 2014 is also associated to the stability of the global oil demand and prices. In addition to that, economists consider the Russian economy to be growing to its capacity, with constrained and weak investment activities as well as a very rigid labor market (Malle, 2013). Considering the above facts and projections, the best way of overcoming these economic challenges in the Russian economy and growth becomes the critical growth stimulation policy. Economic diversification, constituting shifts from the past growth models, which generally focused on stimulation of consumption demand (i nternal and external demand for resources) to a model that constitutes involvement of all sectors of the economy (Ellman, 2006). These structural changes that open up the constrained non-competitive sectors and market will be the basis of unlocking the idle Russian economic and growth potential. Statement of the Problem Economic stability is a factor of the growth in all economic sectors of the country. The aspect of economic stability starts from internal structural stability to

Administrative ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Administrative ethics - Essay Example Administrative Ethics The issues of protection of rights of patients pertinent to ensuring privacy and confidentiality have continued to pervade various health care institutions globally. In the United States, the â€Å"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) addresses patient confidentiality and protects patients and their medical records, including current and past medical treatment and past medical records, in addition to billing records† (Finkelstein, 2007, 3). In this regard, after finding an issue pertinent to patient confidentiality, the essay aims to achieve the following objectives, to wit: (1) to describe the issue and its impact on the population it affects most, (2) to determine the arguments or facts used in the article to support the proposed solution, (3) to identify the ethical and legal issues reported for the administrative issue, (4) to explain the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues, and if none were stat ed, to state what should have been done, and finally, (5) to identify any proposed solutions. ... The nurse approached the patient in the perioperative waiting area before the surgery and asked what procedure she was undergoing† (1). As a consequence, the nurse’s action dealt with the utmost penalty of firing her from employment because of breach of confidentiality. The decision precludes other nurses and health care practitioners from repeating the same offense. The gravity of the issue was addressed by severing the employment from the health care institution to show other health care practitioners that there is no compromise to the issue. The issue’s impact on health care practitioners focused on giving primary importance and utmost care in adhering to the laws and regulations prescribed by Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), specifically on the protection of patient privacy rights. Arguments Supporting the Solution As revealed by Mehnke (2010), there were standard operating procedures followed by the nurse’s superiors upon pr esentation of the issue for evaluation. As mentioned, â€Å"the nurse’s manager contacted human resources, the nursing administrator, and the legal department for advice and guidance on the best way to investigate the issue. The manager met with the nurse involved to discuss the confidentiality breach† (1). Legal and ethical issues were addressed with proper decorum and observance of protocols. Only after the proper channels were advised would a full investigation of the case be implemented. Preliminary actions institute corrective measures to the nurse for infractions committed. As averred by Mehnke (2010), â€Å"after careful consideration and in accordance with the corrective action policy, the nurse was

Culture of Cadbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Culture of Cadbury - Essay Example In case of organizations with traditional culture valuing the existing process of production and business to increase their profits, the core values of the organization do not change or deviate greatly as argued by Richard Lynch (2003)ii. Form the case study it is clear that the most of the directors of Cadbury are insisting upon the existing production methodology to increase revenue rather than investing upon the new technology conching proposed by Chris English. This also makes it clear that the traditional stance of the organization values is not only due to the fact that the company has the richness of the family business but also because of the fact that the organization is not used to big changes in the then business period when the competition was intensifying with the company as the market leader. Alongside, the case study also reveals the traditional nature of the organization's culture in the arguments of the marketing director who argues that the company's Cadbury Dairy Milk (CDM) flavour is the critical element for the effectiveness in the business. As the new conch machine did not improve the CDM taste with a drastic difference and the fact that the CDM is the major marketing brand for the organization makes it clear that the innovative measure proposed by the engineering director was disapproved under traditional grounds. Beliefs: Beliefs as argued by Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes 92003) is the major element that drives the organization in the competitive environment of the business. In case of the traditional organizational culture the aforementioned beliefs are focused upon preserving the existing technology and nurture it to gain market share rather than revolutionising the process. From the case study on Cadbury the resistance of the organization to deploy the innovative conching machine to increase productivity through sacrificing time and investment makes it clear that the organizational culture of the company is traditional in nature. The effectiveness of the company in the market with the traditional organizational culture is mainly through the ability of the organization to retain its core business process with time and its ability to use the same technology to address the growing competition in the market. This is evident in the case of Cadbury justifying that the culture of the organization is traditional in nature. Taken For Granted Assumptions: This is argued by Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes (2003) as the core of an organization's culture. The lesser an organization demonstrates this in its core strategy, the more traditional it is in nature as a traditional organization culture refrains from taking things for granted. This is evident from the case stud on Cadbury where the organization is not indulgent in deciding upon the vote for the investment on the new machinery wither the new technology or otherwise. From the aforementioned it is clear that the culture of the company is traditional in nature with emphasis on the company values and core principles of the organization. From the innovation perspective, the organization's core culture on retaining its values and principles as opposed to voting for innovative method of production, which has many advantages, justifies the aforementioned

Negotiations in Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Negotiations in Management - Assignment Example Tax payers would disagree with the lengthening of the school day and year for fear of more taxes to cover the expense. Students would miss the free time of summer. Parents opposed to this idea would complain it is their job to raise their children, not the schools. It would be a breakdown of the family structure. Some Republicans might even suggest socialism. Possible Solutions: One solution would be more after school programs. Instead of teaching music, art, gym, and other extra activity curriculum in hours after school. This would allow more teaching time in the day, a lengthening of the school day, and a safe enviornment for children after school. This would be done during the school year without cutting out summer break. The second solution would be lengthen the year and day, but make parents volunteer or pay for the extra hours during the day. This would allay costs and allow parents to interact with their children at school. The last solution would be to not lengthen the school year or day, but make available more after school activities that are federally funded and parent involved. The last solution would probably work out the best for all parties. If schools could be opened after hours as a safe haven for children, with a learning environment, the individuals wanting to lengthen the school year might be happy. By having parents involved, costs could be cut down on hiring professional teachers for this time period. Of course, background checks would be completed by any volunteer. Children would not be stressed by too much education, but stimulated by school and after school

How hr functions are handled Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How hr functions are handled - Essay Example A position is created a plan to recruit a suitable employee is implemented. A committee is formed to formulate a recruitment plan that shorts applicants, and interviews are conducted and hiring is done. Breaks are issued differently depending on a country’s regulating laws, and supervisors can give this breaks in some departments and in some staff members give breaks. This breaks can be lunch breaks or leaves. Some countries can give 30-60mins lunch break while some countries can give lunch breaks after 5 working hours but for both cases it is either regulated by supervisors or staff members (Mondy and Noe, 2005). Vacation days are administered by the head of the department and are necessary for all employs to help balance their wok life to their social life. During this period, an employee is entitled to be paid, and the length of this vacation is given depending on the employees years of working in the company. The human resource department designs a way of calculating the pay to be given to the employee during vacation days. Human resource staff has the responsibility to draft letters of employment to new employees. Upon employment for small companies, the staff also controls payroll duties such as holiday maintenance schedules. For compensation to remain effective, it’s the work of this staff to control wages and salaries within the company (Mondy and Noe, 2005). Employee’s skills are developed further by the human resource department by providing mentoring programs and training. The staff reviews the employees performance and deals with complaints from employees and work on solving any disputes that arise. For union employees, their contracts are overseen by human resource to come up with negotiation to assist the management. Federal and state laws are regulated by human resources to control benefits and compensations resulting, It is with the help

Spiritual Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Spiritual Needs - Essay Example Questionnaire has been developed as the tool for assessment; ten questions had been formulated in order to explore her spiritual need, to which she made sufficient and sensible answers. After the research process, her needs were defined and determined, in order to provide her with the best possible environment for her convalescence. Spiritual need assessment in nursing profession refers to the estimation of the religious and spiritual requirements of the according to the faith followed by the patient(s) under treatment, in order to provide them with spiritual relief and comforts along with counseling, medicines, therapy and other necessary healthcare essential for their convalescence and recovery from mental or physical illness. Cobb & Robshaw (1998: 7) are of the view that spiritual and emotional collapse look for spiritual care, so that the patients may choose to discuss their concerns provided they have been shown proper attention, respect and appreciation. Spiritual assessment to ol is not confined to the followers of one particular religious faith; on the contrary, the same could be applied to the individuals adhering to any belief system. The researches reveal that exploration of spiritual distress and anxiety the reason behind it could turn out to be supportive health care providers in understanding the problem of the patient. In addition, it can also become productive for ensuring the smooth progress of personal and spiritual growth essential in respect of paving the way towards the better care of the patient by the healthcare providers (Burkhardt & Nagai-Jacobson, 2002: 22). Consequently, spiritual need assessment provides a superior methodology for the elimination of emotional distress and emotional collapse from the mind of the patient. While elaborating the case under-analysis, the patient was admitted at the healthcare center because of her emotional trauma and her chronic asthma complaint. In the beginning, the patient remained reserved and silent, and did not share anything with the staff. Somehow, after nearly seven hours of her admittance, she looked quite moved because of the extreme compassion and care provided by the staff members. Since the patient appeared to be ready for sharing her life and faith she follows, it became quite easier for the staff to peep into her mind, and explore her personality. Thus, every thing, related to research went well, in the light of the questionnaire, developed for the same purpose, and there was no main hurdle in making assessment of her spiritual needs altogether. Actually I have already examined the flaws in the questionnaire while asking the answers of the questions from my family members in order to make it perfect. I would like to apply interview-schedule in future, as it is more comprehensive in understanding the motifs of the respondents with the help of gestures, body language, voice tone and face expressions. The patient’s non-compliance and fear of expressing her belief was the challenge for me during the research. Somehow, a friendly environment encouraged her to share her feelings with me. Since I am Protestant, so only lack of knowledge about only few things created hurdles for me, though my study of Catholic belief and interaction with my Catholic friends helped me out in development of research too. The patient informed me that she belonged to Catholic faith, and maintained deep love for and unflinching faith in Holy Jesus Christ. I came to know about the very fact that faith contained imperative significance for her, as it not only provided peace,

Process of Economic Integration in the World Today Essay

Process of Economic Integration in the World Today - Essay Example This paper presents a modern research report on different aspects of economic integration in the world today. The prime purpose involved in the process of economic integration process is reducing costs both for the producers and the consumers as well. The increasing levels of integration help in determining the competitiveness and allowing smooth movement of labour, cost and capital. It can be affirmed that the implementation of economic integration lessens the short-term profits due to the imposition of tariffs. Economic integration reduces the other trade barriers as well. It gives less power to the government of the member nations to make necessary adjustments that might deliver significant benefits to them. The process of economic integration in the context of E.U. generally includes four main features. One of the features is that economic integration reflects increase in intra-euro area trade at large. The second facet of economic integration can be identified to be making smooth and free flow of capital and also contributing towards developing the aspect of financial integration. The third feature of economic integration relating to its process is constituted by labour mobility. The other facet of economic integration in relation to its process can be viewed as synchronizing and coordinating different cyclical positions across the Euro areas It can be apparently observed but deeper economic integration is needed for the creation of developed economy in this increased level of globalisation along with internationalisation. ... These figures reflect the creation of strong Europe (European Central Bank, 2007). The second facet of economic integration can be identified to be making smooth and free flow of capital and also contributing towards developing the aspect of financial integration. Financial integration strengthens the economic mechanism, raises the competition and increases the potential for stronger economic growth. Along with economic integration, financial integration plays an imperative role in determining effective monetary policies and ensuring free along with effective transmission of single monetary policy. However, the actual need of financial integration is being observed in retail banking sector (EUbusiness Ltd, 2013). The third feature of economic integration relating to its process is constituted by labour mobility. As the labour market begins to tighten itself in developing economies, absence of openness may result in generating the risks of wage pressure. In most part of the European U nion, it can be viewed that cross border labour mobility is still limited, restricting in developing the economy by a certain degree through the emergence of regulatory barriers. The other facet of economic integration in relation to its process can be viewed as synchronizing and coordinating different cyclical positions across the Euro areas (Kuroiwa, 2012). Purposes of Economic Integration In order to determine the purposes of economic integration, it can be apparently observed that economic integration has increased among the countries in the European Union, but deeper integration is needed for the creation of developed economy in this increased level of globalisation along with internationalisation. In this similar context, the prime

McDonald's Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

McDonald's - Case Study Example McDonald has shown great business acumen, flexibility and commitment to these values to stand solid and gain competitive advantage through creating differential advantages in every segment. Political factors: government policy can have impact on the economy and business. By imposing higher tax on fast food industry government can influence the business and its profitability in a country where the business is situated. Government can fix up minimum wages or bonus for workers in chin stores that can inflate the wage bills of a fast food chain like McDonald. Economic factors: interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates ruling in the country of operation always affect the business. Many governments consider fast food stores as luxurious segment of business and impose higher taxes. Higher interest rates often deter investment because of higher costs for borrowing funds. Inflation keeps the fast food prices higher and deters youths the target customers to eat in McDonalds. Social factors: Changes in social trends can have impact on the demand for a McDonald's products. Workers may not be sufficiently available or not willing to work for the prescribed wage and benefit structure. The aging population in UK and Japan have made the labour cost higher. Young Turks who visit fast food chains more frequently prefer young faces to serve. Older workers claim longer and higher pension. Technological factors: new technologies create new products and new processes that can reduce costs, improve quality and lead to innovation. These new developments always benefit consumers as well as the organisations providing the products. McDonald can afford introducing these newer technologies better and provide benefits to its consumers. Environmental factors: The growing desire to protect the environment is having an impact on many industries and fast food is one of those. Government imposes many rules in order to protect environment. Environmentalists always campaign and raise issues on this external factor that is gaining importance everyday. Legal factors: legal environment in which firms operate is very vital. Significant legal changes in UK have affected McDonald. For example an increase in the minimum wage and greater requirements for firms to recycle. Legal changes usually affect a firm's costs. The planning and prosperity of a venture abroad is guaranteed only when the macro environment of the country where the business is operating is congenial enough to promote the business. For example the political system of the country is smooth enough to let the investment fructify and provide appreciable returns. The nature of government whether democratic or communist or military or dictatorship is a determinant factor. The political scenario, its local government, labour profile, leadership, media industry profile and general populace are important considerations. The social and cultural system of the country should also enable the local populace to accept the product for consumption. Global expansion made Mc Donald giant and truly multinational but had had to face many controversial issues on health,

Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil Essay Example for Free

Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil Essay Bryan McCann’s book â€Å"Hello, Hello Brazil† colorfully discussed the fascinating world on the development of the Brazilian music industry, the customs and the traditions of the population and the political standing that has influenced the Brazilian culture as a whole. The rapid acceptance of the cultural and political changes that has taken Brazil by storm has turned this nation to become one of the admired Latin American countries with the advancement of their musical industry. From the 1930s to the 1940s, the Brazilians have embarked on a cultural marketplace of recording and broadcasting that was influenced by Getulio Vargas, the politician from Rio Grande do Sul who was known for his dramatic and uneventful style of political agenda. In 1926, Getulio Vargas, a young congressman proposes that movie theaters and radio stations must grant royalties to the musicians for the recorded music they played. The â€Å"Getulio Vargas Law† suddenly became the congressman’s powerful means of endearing himself with the people of the music industry. The Brazilians love music and anyone in his power who protect and pursue the industry will be adored by the people. From then on, the music became livelier and the radio turned to be the most important tool for commercial broadcasting. Suddenly the seemingly boring stage of Brazil’s entertainment industry is teeming with composers, producers, music lovers and even politicians who ride up the wave for political purposes. But since there was a disparity between Minas and Sao Paolo, the two opposing regions with different roots and culture, music was used to unify differences over racial and regional gap. But as McCann discovers the living culture and the progress of Brazil into becoming a developing nation he also took a keen observation on the form of government ran by Getulio Vargas. From 1930 to 1954, the presidency has been advocated on and off by Getulio Vargas for which as some historians say has created a chain of uneventful events not only in Brazil but to the international scene as well. McCann relevantly categorized Getulio Vargas as the president with an unfamiliar way of rules not only in the world of politics but his way of influencing people as well. Vargas was loved by his nation not only because he has made Brazil the musical symbol of Latin America but he also imbibed a great authority on the country’s political and economic standard. He adopted and introduced different social, cultural and technological alternatives that were categorically from Western influence but this method, however, became unpopular especially to the socialist groups. Vargas became known for his goal in unifying Brazil to heal the long-standing class and regional differences between Sao Paolo and Minas. He tried to reconstruct Brazil’s political theme by removing regionalism and inject nationalism but his objectives have became so large that he ruled out the differences of ethnicity and class and at the same time introduced American influence into the culture starting with the music. However as the music progresses, Brazilian musicians and fans started to justify their musical preference with political color. This innovation has affected the purity of music into the realm of opinionated culture and nevertheless turned the foundation of music again into a tool of political segregation. And so the Brazilian and American influenced music industry although has founded solid grounds during the 1930s to 1940s has suddenly became fragmented in the 1950s (Bryann McCann). Getulio Vargas was born at Rio Grande do Sul in 1883. His family belongs to a wealthy clan who are politically strong which gave him the interest and advantage to assume a political career in his younger years. He became a congressman in 1926 through the Legislature in Rio de Janeiro and then appointed by President Washington Pereira as the Finance Minister of Brazil. Vargas has served his appointment well but in 1928 he decided to run for governorship against the political party of Pereira and incidentally won. After two years of being a governor, Vargas was selected by the party Alianca Liberal (Liberal Alliance) to run for president. But Pereira who is still the current president does not want to release his position to another party represented by a politician from the state of Minas. The â€Å"Golden Rule of Brazilian Politics† during that period is that it is required that there will be alternating president from among the state of Sao Paulo and the state of Minas. Since Pereira is from Sao Paulo, he quickly appointed Julio Prestes to be the upcoming president and asked the support of the people from Sao Paulo. This instigates a rebellion starting from the Southern Brazil but incidentally Prestes still won the presidency. Vargas publicly stated that he accepted his fate but then he clandestinely plotted to topple the administration of Prestes. A coup ensued and in three weeks, Getulio Vargas became by force the Provisional President of Brazil in 1930. Vargas’ ideals were of a capitalist and a corporatist and hates socialism. He focused on solidifying the powers of the federal government rather than providing strength and protection for the local and state government. Even in his first term in his office Vargas introduced a new constitution and people see it as a manipulation of the constitution to strengthen his hold. This is his means in achieving a long term project to turn Brazil into a strong nation with a strong economy much like the Western nation he is very fond of. When the people began to feel uncomfortable with his administration Vargas felt he has to do something to continue his ruling and prove himself again otherwise. When his original term was due to end in 1937, he staged another coup at the very last minute and declared that he is placing a new economic system the â€Å"Estado Novo† or the New State. The Estado Novo was a corporatist state based on the same principles used by Antonio Salazar of Portugal. This new state allowed for Vargas to become President again because basically Estado Novo is founded by the support from large labor sectors in the government. He again snatched another term that will serve him until 1943. However, as 1943 came around he stated that, due to the crisis situation brought about by the eruption of World War II, he would remain in office and that a new election would be held as soon as the war ended. He made a similar announcement in 1944 in the middle of the war. When the war ended, however, it seemed he had no option but to allow for elections to continue. Brazilian election laws of that time required any government official to resign one year prior to elections if they wished to be eligible for the following elections. But Vargas did not want to resign nor showed any intention of doing so. During this period the people of Brazil want him out of the palace and branded him as a dictator. The military became upset and tell him he needs to resign because he is not eligible to run. Vargas was outraged and said if they wanted him to be out of the presidential palace then they have to remove him physically but assured the military he would fight them with his own men. The military officials want no bloodshed and so their only option was to cut off of the electricity and the water supply to force him out. Although he challenged them to attack so that, as he said, his blood would symbolize his protest against the violence they are imposing on him the military did not hurt him. Finally he left the palace with a belief that he has served his country well. But Vargas has a heart of concrete determination and the appetite for power. In his years of being out of the palace he became a senator and a congressman thanks to his political party who is always in support for his candidacy. He became the Senator for the state of Rio Grande do Sul but although he is still active as a politician for four years he said he prefers being a private person. Then suddenly Vargas re-emerged as a member of the Brazilian Labor party which encouraged him to run for president again. In 1951, Vargas re-assumed his third term as the President of Brazil. However, the Brazilian economy was in shambles and there is an increasing opposition against his ruling. The country’s inflation cannot able to cope up with the cost of living which made Vargas powerless in the middle of this crisis. His health began to fade and attacks of depression and insomnia became frequent. The worst thing, however, was that the United States which he thought was his ally have became less concerned with Brazil and do not want to fulfill its promise of economic assistance. His ever increasing critics became more direct in hitting his administration until his chief bodyguard was implicated in an attempted killing of Vargas’s infamous critics. Corruptions of his government were exposed and the military leaders again called for his resignation but he did not resign. On the morning of August 24, 1954, a large crowd gathered in his palace shouting for his resignation. Then the military officials gave him an ultimatum of forcing him out. Pressured and officiated as the great dictator he went to his room, sat down and wrote a note to his people and then committed suicide. He wrote all his frustrations against those who criticize him the military and the opposition who continued to ask for his blood. He said they have insulted him and was not given the right to defend himself and has silenced his voice. He listed all the accomplishments he had done for Brazil such as liberating the people by means of social freedom, revised the wages in favor of the poor, guided the economy to prevent the effect of economic meltdown, and bring peace to warring factions by means of unification of the two states. He dramatically ended his note and added that now that he was condemned, he has to leave the people defenseless from an institution he has always protected but now exploited. When the note was read on the radio and aired on television, the audience suddenly felt his frustrations and despair. They began chanting his name and want him back. In the history of Brazil’s regime, Vargas became known by many to be the â€Å"Father of the Poor†. However, most people see him as an egomaniacal dictator. While he was seen as an idealist and a principled leader by captivating the hearts of the poor, his means in achieving a long lasting success for Brazil is nonetheless ostracized because of many shortcomings. First, he formed alliances with rich foreign countries in building a corporatist and a capitalist government so that he can control the economy and trash out socialism. In effect this did not materialize but socialism succeeded after he died. Second, those who oppose and criticize his dictatorial administration were imprisoned to contain them. Lastly his greed for power is endless and invalidated the laws by creating selfish deeds against the government just to hold on to power. Getulio Vargas ruled Brazil for almost 20 years. Unfortunately, most people claimed that his dictatorial leadership virtually destroyed Brazil’s constitutional government because of his greed for power and corruption. His means on making Brazil a great country was not successful for he has manipulated not only the constitution but fooled the people by denying them their own sovereign power to vote the person they want. Once in power he became an authoritarian and a corporatist which somehow destroyed the state controlled labor sectors. But as McCann said Vargas has at least earned a reputation of a good leader by those who he handed help. This is the part when he was successful with his leadership. In his long years of leadership, he once hailed a hero by the people of Brazil, Vargas became successful in some aspects for he has instituted social programs for the poor and created a bill that would allow women to vote. He gave freedom to women and encouraged them to become part of the labor forces of Brazil. He revitalized the military and for a time he enlivened the economy while improving the relationship of Brazil to other countries. Although many observers say Vargas was more prominent on the national than the local level, his relationship with the Western world signifies his intention in turning Brazil into an industrialized nation. Unfortunately his dreams did not completely materialize until he took his own life thinking he was a good president and had served his people well (Bryan McCann). Works Cited: McCann, Bryan. Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil Duke University Press, 2004. McCann, Bryann. Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil. Estudios Interdisciplinarios de AmA ©rica Latina y el Caribe (2004). August 4, 2009 http://www1. tau. ac. il/eial/index2. php? option=com_contentdo_pdf=1id=100.

Strategical approach of comprehension

Strategical approach of comprehension Disadvantages of the Strategical Approach of Comprehension For students of English, it is listening comprehension that usually seems to be the hardest to master among the different skills of language learning. Therefore, there are numerous theories published in order to make listening tasks more effective and to devise more useful types of practice. One of these methods proposes the separate improvement of particular sub-skills, of which listening comprehension is claimed to consist, and it also suggests the application of listening strategies, which theoretically make listening easier. It is not hard to realize, though, that however tempting they might seem, the strategic approach of listening comprehension means more needless work to students than improvement. To begin with, it has a negative effect on students results that this approach of comprehension underestimates the importance of practice. As Field (1998) formulates it, For fifteen years it has been axiomatic that more reading does not necessarily mean better reading. (p. 112). First, this can mean that the exclusive training of sub-skills does not allow comprehension to improve as a whole. Second, since different types of exercises require different strategies, learners might perform badly in the types not practised extensively. In summary, the subordinated role of practice can have a negative effect on students. The second reason is that the exclusive use of authentic texts can significantly slow down the progress of students at a lower level of proficiency. First, as the strategic approach fails to realize the importance of grading texts, it can be unnecessarily difficult although the more one can understand in a listening task, the more useful the particular task is, (Ridgway, 2000). Second, a less proficient student might lose motivation if the listening texts seem to be impossible to understand. Third, the theory of listening strategies suggests predicting the meaning and guessing unknown words from content; that, however, can lead to the reduced expansion of vocabulary. To summarize, the use of authentic texts can mean a definite disadvantage on certain levels of proficiency. Finally, one could say that listening strategies can prove extremely helpful for learners, but actually it consumes a significant amount of resources to practice these techniques. On the one hand, practising each of these techniques separately consumes a far larger amount of time than a student could afford at the expense of training other areas of language proficiency. On the other hand, the constant effort to choose the appropriate strategy can be very difficult and exhausting for students and is often futile; Field (2000) himself tends to admit this, as well, it seems that they may not be capable of employing it appropriately in relation to a particular listening text or of combining it successfully with other strategies that they have encountered. (p. 192). To summarize, the application of strategies requires more time and energy than the advantages it provides. In conclusion, it can be seen through various reasons that the strategical approach of comprehension is not as beneficial for students as it might seem in the beginning. First, it provides a smaller amount of practice for the students. Second, the extensive use of authentic texts suggested by this theory can be inappropriate for certain students. Third, the strategy-based approach is definitely more time- and energy-consuming than it is helpful. From the above mentioned points, it is clear that the use of different strategies is not required for effective language learning. References: Field, J. (1998). Skills and strategies: towards a new methodology for listening. ELT Journal, 52(2), 110-118. Field, J. (2000). Not waving but drowning: a reply to Tony Ridgway. ELT Journal, 54(2), 186-195. Ridgway, T. (2000). Listening strategies- I beg your pardon?. ELT Journal, 54(2), 179-185.

A Biography of Carl Jung

A Biography of Carl Jung Carl Jung: A biography â€Å"We live in an age that is trying to find its soul.† Golden words by the man who lived exactly to do that – Finding The Soul. He lived to find the soul of the individual, to find the collective soul of the community and to spread his knowledge of the same through younger generations. He had arrive on-the-bloc when understanding the mind was a scientific Everest that every known and unknown psychoanalyst was trying conquer, and brought along some theories that revolutionized the way things were perceived. So much so that the reigning king of psychiatry, Sigmund Freud called him his successor! This is a brief history of the life and times of the revered psychoanalyst Carl Gustav Jung, his bittersweet relationship with his mentor, his torrid extra-marital affairs and his humble, yet disturbed beginnings. It is a story of how his theories transformed the field of psychotherapy and gave us concepts that are applicable and functional even in today’s modern world of psychoanalysis†¦ Of ‘Unstable’ Beginnings†¦ Paul Achilles Jung, a poor pastor from Thurgau, Switzerland, was married to the daughter of his rich Hebrew professor, Emilie Preiswerk. Paul and his wife Emilie had a total of four children, but the first three did not survive. The fourth child, however, was born healthy and passed the test of time and survival. This young boy, born on the 26th of July 1875, was Carl Gustav Jung. Soon after his birth, his father was shifted to a rather plush parish in the area of Laufen, Switzerland where Carl would come to spend most of his early childhood. His father was a rather towering influence on young Carl’s psyche. As his mother was considered to be a highly eccentric woman who remained confined to her bedroom most of the times and claimed to have spiritual presence around her, he ended up spending most of the time in the protective eyes and supervision of his father. His mother would be depressed and under self-imposed lock-up and would talk to these so-called ‘spirits’ during the nights. As a result of her eccentricities, Carl’s parents always had a strenuous and dysfunctional relationship. While his mother was mostly under self-imposed confinement and sometimes at medical facilities for various unknown physical ailments, his father sometimes tried to move to stay closer to her and sometimes gave up on her altogether. One of the earliest memories of himself that he could remember was seeing a luminous figure with a detached head emerging from his mother’s bedroom at night. For a boy of his age, Carl was always very peculiar, in his mannerism and conduct. Even in school, he had developed two distinct personalities within his head. He termed them ‘Personality 1’ – the normal school-going boy who lived in the same era, and ‘Personality 2’ – a menacing dictator belonging to the past. He believed his mother, just like himself, also dealt with multiple personalities in her head, and thus spoke of these spirits that visited her. Another peculiar incident from his childhood was the fact that he carved a mannequin in his wooden measure-scale and used to take secret messages to it, in a language that he had created himself (almost like a form of voodoo/idol worship). An interesting anecdote from his childhood gives us a peek into his analytical and psychological side. In 1887, at the age of 12, Carl got into a school fight, and in doing so, got pushed to the ground with such a force that he fainted on the spot. This incident had a distinct psychological imprint on his mind and he assumed that he would never have to go to school thenceforth, or he would faint. He remained home for the next 6 months under this assumption. But when he was made to go back to school for academic purposes, he started fainting every time he walked onto the campus! Carl Jung showed a psychoanalytical inclination since a very early stage. Coupled with his mother’s personality and his father’s overbearing influence, he got enough to latch on to in his childhood, for him to take it up as a profession as an adult. Too ‘Jung’ For Psychology†¦? After finishing school, Carl was in somewhat of a dilemma as to what to pursue in college. He had a strong spiritual upbringing on account of his pastor father, and he was also equally interested in biology. He went to the University of Basel in 1895 (age 20), and wasn’t so keen on pursuing Psychology or Psychiatry, as they were considered to be very prestigious subjects at the time, that not a lot of students considered. Slowly, with passing time, he came to realize that concepts of the psychoanalytical syllabus beautifully combined the regimes and teachings of biology of the human body with spirituality (inner processes) of the human mind. This interested him no end and proved to be just the answer to his dilemma. He was studying medicine at the university around this time. At the young age of 25 in the year 1900, Jung had successful graduated from the university and acquired a prestigious job at the psychiatric hospital of Burgholzli in Zurich. It was during this time, when he was working with another remarkable psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler (who coined terms like ‘Schizophrenia’ and ‘Autism’), that Jung became familiar with the widely revered Sigmund Freud and his work on the ‘Unconscious’ mind through his book, ‘The Interpretation Of Dreams’. While working at the hospital, Jung published his own doctoral dissertation paper, titled ‘On The Psychology Pathology Of The So-Called Occult Phenomenon’ in the year 1903 (Age 28). He also married Emma Rauschenbach in the same year (1903), and went on to have five children with her – Agatha, Gret, Franz, Marianne and Helene. The marriage lasted until Emma’s death in the year 1955; but throughout the marriage, Carl is believed to have engaged in several extra-marital affairs. In the year 1906 (age 31), Carl published the book called ‘Studies in Word Association’, a copy of which, was sent by him to Sigmund Freud. Freud and Jung: Friendship and Friction By 1906, Freud was stepping down from his Psychoanalytical throne, and was so taken by the concepts introduced by Jung in his book, that he referred to him as his ‘eldest son, successor and crown prince’. After reading Jung’s ‘Studies In Word Association’, Freud arranged for a meeting with him. It was a discussion that would lay the founding stones for a long-lasting friendship. It is believed that Jung and Freud sat together for nearly 13 hours and discussed the concepts of new-age psychology at-length. There was merely any contact between the two of them for the next six months. Freud’s theory of the ‘Unconscious mind’ had been subjected to commendation and condemnation at the same time, and he needed a young and emerging psychoanalyst to back him up. This is when he sent a bunch of his published papers and essays to Carl Jung, who was only too eager to lap it up and support it. His association with Sigmund Freud helped Jung’s career as a psychologist a great deal! By 1908 (age 33) he became the Editor of the newly founded yearbook for psychoanalytical and psychopathological research. Two years later, in 1910 (age 35), he was bestowed with the prestigious Chairmanship of the International Psychoanalytical Association, all in lieu of Freud’s recommendation. After a great friendship of 5-6 years, tensions started brewing between the two, mainly over the concept of ‘unconscious’ and its contribution to a person’s ‘Personality’. While Freud credited the unconscious with the complete responsibility of forming ones personality, Jung wanted to believe that it is indeed vastly responsible but cannot be solely credited. Around the same time, 1911-1912, when Jung was working on his book, ‘Psychology of the Unconscious’, Freud visited his friend and colleague, Ludwig Binswanger in Kreuzlingen (Switzerland), but completely avoided meeting him in the neaby Zurich. He called this incident the ‘Kreuzlingen Gesture’. The equation kept souring over the period of time and the friendship had reached its inevitable end. Jung and Freud met for the last time in September 1913 (age 38), at the International Psychoanalytical Congress, where his lecture about the concepts of distinct personality types – ‘Introverts’ and ‘Extroverts’, would set him apart from Freud’s works for the better part of the next century. The split from Freud left a metaphoric scar on Jung. He was traumatized at having lost a near and dear friend and supporter. He started experiencing a â€Å"horrible confrontation with the unconscious†. He started seeing things and hearing voices, and became so frantic with these new phenomena, that he started recording his hallucinations in a leather-bound red book. Jung was to become a public figure right at the onset of the First World War. Even though he was suffering a great deal after his split from Freud, his contributions to psychoanalysis were to take the world by storm†¦ Jung: Works, Views and Wisdom†¦ Like all masterminds and visionaries of the early 20th century, Carl Jung also faced the World Wars and had his share of battleground experience. Right after his split from Freud, at a mentally vulnerable stage, he joined the Swiss Army in the capacity of a doctor and served in World War I. His differences with the great Sigmund Freud had, in a way, forced him into a shell, and he started keeping a low profile throughout the 1920s (in his 40s), and only made public appearances for one-off lectures in foreign lands. His works were made famous outside of Switzerland through colleague and translator Constance Long, who also motivated him to give lectures in USA, England and other foreign locales. Contrary to his personal life, Jung’s works were keeping anything but a ‘low profile’. They had caused a revolution-of-sorts and proved to be an equal and opposite theory for Freud’s archaic methods of psychoanalysis and psychiatry†¦ His concepts of ‘Introversion’ and ‘Extroversion’ spread like wildfire and gained popularity. These concepts are followed by psychoanalysts till date. The main reason for the differences in opinion between him and Freud was the fact that he believed Freud’s definition of ‘Unconscious’ was inadequate and unnecessarily negative. While Freud believed that the unconscious is only a repository of suppressed memories and wants and needs, Jung argued that unconscious was actually divided in 2 parts – ‘Personal Unconscious’ and ‘Collective Unconscious’. The personal unconscious was responsible for suppressed desires of the individual, whereas the collective unconscious was a far deeper repository dealing with the suppressed emotions of a community. He tried to explain that people, as a group, share a form of unconscious mind, and that it was the explanation for phenomena like Telepathy. He also introduced the concept of ‘Individuation’ in which, personal and collective unconscious were brought into existence through dreams, active imaginations or free associations. He believed that a person who has advanced towards the ‘Individuation’ process is more mature, harmonious and responsible. Jung’s concept of ‘Persona’ was also popular amongst the psychoanalysts of the time. He defined ‘Persona’ to be a mask of sorts; a consciously put-on personality, created out of the collective psyche through socialization, cultural influences and experience. He believed that a psychoanalyst should try to initiate the ‘Individuation’ process by liberating the patient from the deceptive cover of this ‘Persona’. Carl Jung’s political views were caught in crossfire more than once. Throughout the 1930s (when he was in his 50s), and specifically during the second World War, he had famously maintained contact with some of his Jewish colleagues, and, at the same time voiced his sympathies for some German psychoanalyst who were Nazi-supporters. Jung was sorely disappointed when, Zentralblatt Fur Psychotherapie, under his editorship, published some pro-Nazi statements, and he was held personally liable and responsible for these sentiments. He made various attempts to clear his stand on the Anti-Semitism movement, but his teachings and writing were increasingly misconstrued to be pro-Nazi. Finally, to battle these allegations, he issued a statement against Hitler, stating: â€Å"Germany is infested by one man who is obviously possessed.† Carl Jung was of an extremely individualistic opinion when it came to politics. He believed that an individual should be allowed to make his own choices, and that a ‘State’ had taken the place of God, and was suitably run only by the people who knew how to manipulate it. Towards the end of his life, Jung had become an extremely spiritual man, and his beliefs and theories had also begun to be cast in a spiritual mould. He travelled to Kenya to discover the ‘primitive psychology’ of tribes that had been culturally isolated. Later, in the year 1937 (age 62), he delivered the famous Terry lectures in USA and England on the topic, ‘Psychology and Religion’. In the same year, he travelled to India to understand the concepts of religion and spirituality as they were seen in these parts. He admitted that his Indian expedition was far more successful than his tribal trips to Kenya, as language barrier wasn’t a difficulty in India. Although, he admitted that the concepts of ‘Atmaa’ or ‘Self’ and inner insights into these were lost on him. It was during this spiritual phase, that Jung contributed to the formation of the ‘Alcoholics Anonymous’. Even though the contribution wasn’t direct, he is credit with some applaud to have set the ball rolling. He had once advised one of his American patients who was suffering from incurable alcoholism, to seek a spiritual experience to get rid of his problem. The solution worked and the American came back home and told about this to his fellow alcoholics. Word spread and Bill Wilson, the founder of ‘AA’ adopted this theory for his 12-step program†¦ Jung: The Man, The Mind and The Mystery†¦ As he grew into the revered psychoanalyst and psychiatrist that we know of today, Jung started looking back and self-assessing his life and came up with some remarkable explanations for the relationships he had had. He explained that his parents’ relationship had a great effect on his mind, and it was during this time, that he began to see women as ‘unreliable’ and ‘unstable’, given his mother’s condition. He admitted that it was probably around this time in his life that he became a patriarch and that it was the ‘handicap he started out with’†¦ It was probably because of this ‘handicap’ that he never had a smooth relationship with his wife. He was famously involved with Sabina Spielrein and Toni Wolff, two of the earliest female psychoanalysts. He, however, never sought a divorce and saw his marriage through, until his wife expired in 1955 when he was 80. Not much is known about his 5 children either. His wife, his affairs, his children and Sigmund Freud were inseparable parts of his existence, and mostly contributed to the overall shaping of his personality. The leather-bound red book that he recorded his post-Freud hallucinations in was recently published for public consumption. Another source for understanding his relationship with Freud is the critically acclaimed 2011 Hollywood film ‘A Dangerous Method’, which is primarily based on Freud, Jung and Sabina Speilrein. It is believed that towards the end of his life, Jung had a series of visions, or dreams so-to-say, where he envisioned himself advancing towards a tower of light at the end of a lake! Surprisingly, soon after these mysterious premonitions, he suffered a short illness and passed away on Jun 6, 1961, at the age of 86. Jung was a man of science and spirituality, and in his doings throughout his life, he tried to put together an explanation for the true meaning of life. Much to his success and the passing down of his concepts, we now follow a large portion of his teachings, theories and discoveries and he is still revered as the master of modern psychology over Freud†¦

Power for Women in Alcestis and Hippolytus Essay -- Greece Greek Play

Is it feasible that through the loss of one’s life and being, one would be able to gain influence and power? Does this fatal gain of power show a previous lack of it? Does forgoing one’s life for an honorable cause improve a woman’s reputation in turn giving her more power? Through our studies, we have discovered that typically women exhibit a limited amount of agency in ancient Greece. Women occasionally assert dominance in the household; although, even within the home they posses limited influence over their husbands. An interesting theme runs though Euripides theatrical tragedies Alcestis and Hippolytus. In each play the lead female character forgoes her life for the sake of love. In Alcestis, Alcestis willingly gives her life to prevent her husband Admentus' death. In Hipplytus, Phaedra chooses to commits suicide as a result of falling in love with her husband’s son and refusing to be deceitful to her husband. Consequently, is self -professed death a venue for the women to assert authority and gain status and agency? How do their reputations and the reputations of their households affect this increase of power? In ancient Greece, women, through sacrifice of their lives, uphold and improve their reputation through which they increase their influence and power in society, yet although they are praised by society because of these valiant deeds, they are unable to actively reap the benefits of this powerful reputation. Numerous sources including Euripides’ tragedies show that reputations are held with the highest regard in ancient Greece. It is through people's perceptions that one is judged; therefore, reputation should be upheld at the greatest of costs. Laws of Greek society allow for a ma... ... Phaedra preserves her reputation and altered her husband’s behavior through her suicide. Yet, there was a trade off: each woman acquired a greater amount of power, yet lost her life in the process. However, because Greek society praised honorable death, this was an appropriate societal action and a proper way for the women to acquire power. Women did assert power in choosing to take their own lives and improve their reputations. Small summary: Greek tragedies show that women, through sacrifice of their lives, uphold and improve their reputation through which they increase their influence and power in society. Yet, there was a trade off: each woman acquired a greater amount of power, yet lost her life in the process. However, because Greek society praised honorable death, this was an appropriate societal action and a proper way that women acquired power.

Patient Safety Essay -- Nursing

Introduction Keeping patients safe is essential in today’s health care system, but patient safety events that violate that safety are increasing each year. It was only recently, that the focus on patient safety was reinforced by a report prepared by Institute of medicine (IOM) entitled † To err is human, building a safer health system†(Wakefield & Iliffe,2002).This report found that approx-imately 44,000 to 98,000 deaths occur each year due to medical errors and that the majority was preventable. Deaths due to medical errors exceed deaths due to many other causes such as like HIV infections, breast cancer and even traffic accidents (Wakefield & Iliffe, 2002). After this IOM reports, President Clinton established quality interagency coordination task force with the help of government agencies. These government agencies are responsible for making health pol-icies regarding patient safety to which every HCO must follow (Schulman & Kim, 2000). Patient safety must be the first priority in the health care system, and it is widely accepta-ble that unnecessary harm to a patient must be controlled.Two million babies and mother die due to preventable medical errors annually worldwide due to pregnancy related complications and there is worldwide increase in nosocomial infections, which is almost equal to 5-10% of total admissions occurring in the hospitals. (WHO Patient Safety Research, 2009). Total 1.4 million patients are victims of hospital-acquired infection. (WHO Patient Safety Research, 2009). Unsafe infection practice leads to 1.3 million death word wide and loss of 26 millions of life while ad-verse drug events are increasing in health care and 10% of total admitted patients are facing ad-verse drug events. (WHO Patient Safety Re... ...Qualified health care personnel are required to maintain safe health care surrounding. Most im-portant part of the problem is to find the problem, and then only we can fix it. Conclusion It is right of a patient to be safe at health care organization. Patient comes to the hospital for the treatment not to get another disease. Patient safety is the most important issue for health care organizations. Patient safety events cost of thousands of deaths and millions of dollars an-nually. Even though the awareness of patient safety is spreading worldwide but still we have to accomplish many things to achieve safe environment for patients in the hospitals. Proper admin-istrative changes are required to keep health care organization safe. We need organizational changes, effective leadership, strong health care policies and effective health care laws to make patients safer.

Solar Energy Essay -- essays research papers

Solar Energy Solar energy is the most ancient kind of energy found on earth, for it is as old as the sun. "Solar" means from the sun. The earth is only one of the many planets which is bathed in the sun's overflowing energy. Every second the world receives 95.8 trillion watts of power†¦just think about that for a minute. Think about how much power the earth just received in the time it took you to read this sentence? It is well beyond the amount of power used in one day. It has the potential to satisfy all our energy needs forever without ever having to use the pollutive fossil fuels ever again. "The problem however, does not lie in the limited source, as do fossil fuels, but in harnessing it." Every day solar energy is being used all around us. In fact, it is the indirect source of all energy and life on earth. Hopefully, with continued research, we will be in a place one day where we can directly rely on the sun for all our energy needs, and never have to use pollu tive fossil fuels, or nuclear power ever again (Cross 124). It is hard to say when solar energy was first used by humans to make life easier. As far as we know, people have always used the sun's visible range of light to see by, as well as to sit in the sun to keep warm. "Some of the first ancient cultures to use solar energy as heating were those from the deserts, and dry areas." In Egypt, Libya, and Algeria, where the sun is fiery hot in the day, but reaches freezing temperatures at night, builders discovered that thick walls of mud could solve this problem. During the day, they would absorb all the sun's energy and leave it cool as a cave inside, and at night, the walls would radiate their stored heat, and keep it fairly warm inside. These ancient people also discovered how to use the sun's energy to preserve food by either drying fruits or meats in the sun, or baking them. They found techniques to bleach cloth and cure animal hides. Whether by accident, or deliberate experimentation, these ancient cultures discovered that the sun was an incredible source of power (Bower 36). Throughout history people have experimented with the many uses of the sun's power. In the 17th century, scientists in Europe began rediscovering the sun. When a French scie... ...ar energy would be a more realistic option. Does every house need two computers, 3 TV's, a dishwasher, microwave, electric stove, video games, 3 stereos, nightlights in every hall, porch lights left on all night, lights on in every room in the house, blow dryers, toasters, electric heaters, air conditioners, electric gates and garage openers... the list goes on and on. One of the major problems that I see in our western culture is our obsession that we must each have our own. No one is willing to share anything, because it might be inconvenient. All we can think of is ourselves, no thought for future generations or the environment. We need to get a reality check. There is not enough materials or energy left in the world for this to continue to go on. Solar energy is a serious option that we should all be considering. We need to learn to act as a community, not only as individuals. I don't know what the future holds, but I can't see this working much longer. Change will have to oc cur soon, or we will exhaust all our resources and chances of life on earth.