Essay on Escape in The Glass Menagerie -- Glass Menagerie essays

Escape in The Glass Menagerie In Tennessee Williams' play, The Glass Menagerie, none of the characters are capable of living in the real world. Laura, Amanda, Tom and Jim use various methods to escape the brutalities of life. Laura retreats into a world of glass animals and old gramophone records. Amanda is obsessed with living in her past. Tom escapes into his world of poetry writing and movies. Jim also reverts to his past and remembers the days when he was a hero. Laura retreats into a world of glass animals and old gramophone records. Even when it appears that Laura is finally overcoming her shyness and hypersensitivity with Jim, she instantly reverts back to playing the Victrola once he tells her he's engaged. She is unable to cope with the truth so she goes back to her fantasy world of records and glass figurines. Laura can only live a brief moment in the real. Amanda is obsessed with her past as she constantly reminds Tom and Laura of that 'one Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain' when she received seventeen gentlemen callers (Williams 32). The reader cannot even be sure that this actually happened. However, it is clear that despite its possible falsity, Amanda has come to believe it. She refuses to acknowledge that her daughter is crippled and refers to her handicap as 'a little defect - hardly noticeable' (Williams 45). Only for brief moments does she ever admit that her daughter is 'crippled' and then she resorts back to denial. She doesn't perceive anything realistically. She believes that this gentleman caller, Jim, is going to be the man to rescue Laura and she hasn't even met him yet. She tells Laura when Laura is nervous about the gentleman caller, 'You couldn't be satisfied with just sitting home', whe... ...he major characters in this play are so warped and their lives so distorted and perverted by fantasies that each is left with only broken fragments of what might have been' (Davis 205). Works Cited Thompson, Judith J. Tennessee Williams' Plays: Memory, Myth, and Symbol. New York: Peter Land Publishing, Inc., 1987. Davis, Joseph K. "Landscapes of the Dislocated Mind in Williams' The Glass Menagerie." Tennessee Williams: A Tribute. Ed. Jac Tharpe. Hattiesburg: Heritage Printers, Inc., 1977. 192-206. Scanlan, Tom. "Family and Psyche in The Glass Menagerie." Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Glass Menagerie. Ed. R.B. Parker. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983. 96-108. Williams, Tennessee. "The Glass Menagerie." Concise Anthology of American Literature. Ed. George McMichael. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1985. 2112-2156

Mona Hatoum :: Artist Mona Hatoum Essays

Mona Hatoum Most art scholars and critics examine the work of Mona Hatoum in relation to her ethnic and geopolitically charged background. In her own writings and interviews, however, Hatoum cautions against this "journalistic" approach. For her, the most important element of her art is its relationship to the body. When Hatoum immigrated from the Middle East to England, she immediately felt a sense of displacement when she perceived a mind/body disjunct that contradicted her own cultural experience: †¦it became immediately apparent to me that people were quite divorced from their bodies and very caught up in their heads, like disembodied intellectuals. So I was always very insistent on the physical in my work (Hatoum/Brett, 59). We relate to the world through our senses. You first experience an artwork physically†¦Meanings, connotations and associations come after the initial physical imagination, intellect, psyche are fired off by what you've seen (Hatoum/Archer, 8). I weigh this statement against theory by performance scholar Nelly Richard: The body is the physical agent of the structures of everyday experience. It is the transmitter of cultural messages†¦a repository of memories, an actor in the theatre of power, a tissue of affects and feelings. Because the body is at the boundary between biology and society†¦in terms of power, biography and history, it is the site 'par excellence' for transgressing the constraints of meaning (Richard, 208). Focusing on four works by Hatoum, I take a position that respects the artist's own intent and uses the body as a starting point for analyzing her work. However, I argue that it is necessary to consider her background in relation to the content of her art; it is because of her background as an exile from political violence that so much of Hatoum's work evokes a sense of danger by eliciting a visceral response from the viewer. I also argue that Hatoum's work insists that the viewer recognizes a second body, the implicit body of the oppressed. That insistence comes primarily from two elements of her background: her direct experience of living in the shadow of oppression, and her experience with feminist groups as an art student in London. Thus, in Hatoum's work, two bodies-the body of the viewer and an implicit body--engage in a dialectic. Necessarily then, I offer a brief glimpse into the background of Mona Hatoum. She is a Palestinian whose parents were exiled to Lebanon before she was born.

One-Sided Relationship Essay

In school there is always one kid that a person will hang out with, although that person does not want to be seen with him. They will only associate with that one person when they have no one else to hang out with or when they need something from them. It is evident through the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, that in a one-sided relationship there is always one person in a friendship who will unconditionally love the other person and one who will be willing to take advantage of the other. In the novel, Hassan will always do anything for Amir because he is a loyal and true friend. On the other hand, Amir only hangs out with Hassan when no one else wants to play with him. Amir does not notice how unfair his relationship with his best friend is until he brutally watches Hassan get raped in the alley by Assef. Through the actions of Hassan and Amir, it is evident that a one-sided relationship will not work out because there will always be jealousy, lies, and shame to deal with. Evidently, Amir and Hassan’s friendship is unhealthy because Amir is afraid to consider Hassan a true friend. He is afraid to consider Hassan a true friend because he feels shame in being the only Pashtun child playing with a Hazara boy because Hazaras are of a lower class. Amir is struck by the words Assef says to him, â€Å"How can you talk to him, play with him, let him touch you? How can you call him your friend? If idiots like you and your father didn’t take these people in, we’d be rid of them by now† (Hosseini 41). It is at this point that Amir truly considers his relationship with Hassan. He wonders why he only plays with Hassan when no one else is around and why when other kids come over they never include Hassan in any games. This is the point where their relationship begins to struggle because Amir cannot distinguish if Hassan is a friend or a servant to him. Additionally, Amir tests Hassan’s loyalty to prove that he is a true friend to h im. One of the ways in which he tests his loyalty is by asking, â€Å"Would you eat dirt if I told you to?† (54). Out of shame, Amir asks Hassan this question because he wants to see if he would be willing to do anything for him. Amir constantly  looks to test his loyalty with questions like this one because Amir wants Hassan to say no in order to make himself feel better. He feels that if Hassan will not do one thing he asks, then it will make his doubts about his relationship feel better and not as one-sided. It is utterly clear that the boys’ relationship is unhealthy because Amir is always trying to test Hassan’s loyalty because he has developed too much shame in the way he treats Hassan to consider him a true friend. Furthermore, the relationship between Hassan and Amir is unhealthy because Amir has too much jealousy built up. Amir is jealous of Hassan because he has the attributes and talents that he wishes he had instead of his own. Amir is jealous of Hassan because he heard Baba exclaim, â€Å"I see how they push Amir around, take his toys from him, give him a shove here, a whack there. And, you know, he never fights back. Never† (22). Amir was offended when he heard his own father say this because at this moment he knew his father wished he was like Hassan. He learned that his father wished he was more athletic and did not read books all the time. Learning of this made him very jealous of Hassan because he had all of these features and was considered golden in the eyes of Baba. Additionally, Amir resents Hassan because he has always received attention from Baba and was treated like his favorite son. Amir is jealous of Hassan because he got a very thoughtful and loving birthday present: a doctor to fix his hairline lip. Amir does not understand why his father gave such a huge gift to Hassan because he had never received such a loving gift. Amir acknowledges the fact the he normally only receives a toy or little object from Baba and cannot comprehend the fact that his father put so much effort into Hassan’s gift. This makes Amir very jealous of Hassan because he yet again stole the attention from Baba. Overall the relationship of Amir and Hassan is very detrimental because Amir resents Hassan for having many of the things that he wishes he could obtain. Amir wishes he were more athletic and strong so that he could be the golden child in Baba’s eyes. Finally, the one-sided relationship comes to an end due to the fact that it cannot survive when too much hatred and lies have built up. One of the main reasons the relationship between Hassan and Amir failed was the fact that  Amir enabled Hassan to get raped. Before being raped by Assef, Assef blurted, â€Å"You’re nothing more but an ugly pet. Something he can play with when he is bored, something he can kick around when he is angry. Don’t ever fool yourself and think you’re something more† (72). After the rape, these words that were said stuck to both Hassan and to Amir who stood by aimlessly watching him get raped. Both boys knew that if it was the other way around, Hassan would have jumped in and tried to prevent the rape from happening. However, in reality, Amir was the reason their relationship came to an end because he simply just did not have love for Hassan the same way he was loved back. Moreover their relationship could no longer work after t he rape because Amir could not stand to look at Hassan’s face everyday and tell lies about what had happened that day in the alley. Amir tried to deal with this trouble by trying to get Baba to kick Hassan and his father out of his house. For example, Amir stuck his watch and birthday money under Hassan’s mattress so that Baba would get furious and kick them out of his house. However, Amir’s plans always backfired on him, which resulted in him having to live with more lies building up. Their relationship came crashing down hard after the rape because Hassan woke up from his little fantasy and learned how good of a friend Amir was to him. He came to realize that he would always love Amir, and in return it would take years before Amir would love him the way that he did. Overall the relationship of Amir and Hassan came to an end because Hassan’s eyes were opened and they could no longer live with such huge lies in their lives. Due to the fact that there will always be lies, shame, and jealousy to deal with in a relationship, it is obvious that a one-sided relationship will never work out for the best. The relationship of Amir and Hassan never worked out well because Amir was afraid to consider Hassan a true friend. He was only the person who was there for him when he needed it the most and no one else was there to play with. Also the relationship never worked out because Amir built up too much jealousy towards Hassan. Amir could not stand the fact that Hassan was the golden boy in his father’s eyes. He always wanted to be that boy, and came to realize he would never be because Hassan was perfect from his father’s point of view. Ultimately, their relationship came to an end because Amir let Hassan get raped, while he watched it all  happen and took no actions to prevent it. This led to too many lies and too big of a burden for Amir to live with. This caused him to build up hatred, which even tually made Hassan and his father leave his house. Clearly, the relationship could not work out because Amir could not love Hassan for who he was. People need to take this example of Amir and Hassan and apply it to their own lives. They need to realize that they cannot and should not take advantage of a friend or a person because it will result in a failed relationship and hatred will most likely arrive. Thus people need to be more considerate and caring to the people they live and socialize with in their daily lives.

Australia the Movie: Synopsis, History and Comparisons

In Australia, an aboriginal medicine man/witch doctor, King George was teaching a young aborigine named Nullah how to do various tasks in the Outback. When all of the sudden a group white men shoot King George with an arrow. Then, Nullah rides home on his horse to his home in Faraway Downs. He hears people coming and is scared that someone will take him away from his family, so he goes into hiding. However, the voices he hears and people he sees are Drover and Sarah. The property of Faraway Downs is Sarah’s and her husband’s. When Sarah goes into her property she finds that her husband has been killed and he is lying dead across a table. Because of this Sarah decides she wants to sell her property to the Carney Empire. However, if Faraway Downs is sold, the company will have a monopoly over the cattle business. Sarah soon finds out from Nullah that Carney is stealing her cattle and driving them across the river. Soon after she hears the news she fires Fletcher (the current driver for her cattle) and hires Drover to drive in their 1,500 cattle. They need 7 people in all to successfully drive them all in so, Sarah, Nullah, his mother and grandmother, and an aborigine named Magarri offer their help. They could still use one more person but no others are willing or capable. Then one morning the police appear at the house and are looking for Nullah and his mother who are hidden in the water tower. Sadly, his mother drowns in the tower because the tank filled up when one of the men used the faucet to cool down. Now Nullah is motherless so Sarah decides to give it a shot and raise him herself. She does not do a wonderful job of this because she does not have any children of her own. Fletcher creates a stampede by lighting the brush on fire and has the cows heading towards a cliff. Some fall off the cliff but many cows were saved because Nullah resorted to song and magic to stop the cattle. Fletcher is attempting to hurt their cattle and destroy their plans on saving Faraway Downs by killing cattle, burning items and poisoning waterholes. At a ball Carney attempts to convince Sarah to sell Faraway Downs to him. However, she refuses and tells him that it is no longer for sale. A few days later Fletcher pushes Carney into water where an alligator attacked and killed him. Also, Nullah goes missing. But Drover believes he is safe and protected by King George. Unfortunately they are not safe and are caught by the police where Nullah is sent to the mission and King George is put in jail. There is a treat of war in the city of Darwin so the town is being evacuated. Sarah searches for Nullah and can hear his singing but cannot find him. He is being sent to another island to work on a mission. While Sarah is working at an Army radio headquarters Japanese planes bomb the headquarters and the building catches on fire. Also, the jail is hit and King George escapes. Drover thinks Sarah has died and rescues Nullah and the other children from the explosion on the island. Sarah survives the explosion and is reunited with her love, Drover and Nullah. Afterwards, they return safely to their farm and all survive the explosions and save their cattle from Carney and Fletcher. Australia History During the 1930’s Germany was expanding its territory and in 1939 they threatened to invade Poland. Germany decided to disobey Britain and France when they told Germany that they would declare war if Poland was invaded. The Australian people do not approve of the German expansion and because they are a British nation they were pulled into the war along with Britain (www. nzacday. org). Australia declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939 and joined the war in Europe to aid its Allies in the United Kingdom (www. worldwariihistory. com). Australia was forced to make a tough decision: to watch after homeland in case Japan attempted to expand its power, or send troops to aid England in the war. Because Japan pledged its neutrality and the British naval base in Singapore would stop any Japanese invasions towards Australia, they decided to commit itself to the European War. Australian troops were not prepared to fight and risk their lives in war. This caused he Royal Australian Navy to be put under British control. They began to train and recruit men and they helped the Royal Air Force in the war against Germany (www. anzacday. org). During 1940 and 1941 troops in Australia helped capture Bardia and Tobruk in Libya because they saw action in North Africa and the Middle East. Once Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and the war was brought closer to Australian homeland, Australia declared war on Japan. The most direct threat that Australia faced was New Guinea. Thankfully, the Americans held off a naval attack on Australia at the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942. By the end of WWII, Australia has lost about 30,000 men and women (www. worldwariihistory. com). Also, the Indigenous people of Australia were driven out by the British and many were killed and driven out of their homes. The deaths of aborigines occurred because of the diseases spread by Europeans, the introduction of domestic animals destroyed many natural habitats and fighting in Tasmania. During the early 20th century laws were passed to segregate and protect aborigines. This caused restrictions on where they could live, and work. Families were also broken up (www. australianexplorer. com). Also, during WWII aborigines under the age of five were taken from their homes by white men and sent to live with white families. The British did this because the Australian government thought their race lacked a solid future. The children were never reunited with their families (http://history. howstuffworks. com). Unfortunately after WWII the British wanted to ‘Europeanize’ them. In this case all rights were taken away from the aborigines. During the 1960’s, the aborigines were given citizenship status but in 1972 they were given limited rights to their own land (www. australianexplorer. com). Australia Analysis During World War II in the 1930’s and 1940’s there are many similarities and differences in Australia the movie compared to the country’s real history. A similarity between history and Hollywood is that they both go into great detail on how horribly the British treated the aborigines of Australia. A difference between the two was how little detail the movie Australia went into when it came down to the war itself and its allies. Throughout the movie the director, Baz Luhrmann does not focus on the key points of the outcome of WWII, the disaster and hardship it put on Australia, and the effects on its people and cities. A similarity of the treatment of aborigines is that in the movie the aborigines were taken away from their families and homes. This was known as the Stolen Generation in Australia. During the movie they were sent away to work on missions on different islands and were rarely seen again by their families. Although this did occur in reality the children were mainly forcefully sent or tricked into living with a white family. The parents were sometimes unaware that their children were even still alive. The government would often tell them their child had died. Where in reality they are living with a white family so they have a chance at a better future. A difference between the movie Australia and reality is how little detail Baz Luhrmann displays on the actual war itself. Throughout the entire movie except for the end, the main idea is focused on cattle and the Stolen Generation. However during the end, WWII begins to take place and the movie displays the war aspect. It does not explain how the war began, the final result, or the results on Australian people. The war began in Germany because they tried to expand their territory into Poland. France and Britain declared war and because Australia was British territory they also joined in the fight. The movie did include when Japan attacked close to Australia at Pearl Harbor, which caused them to go to war against each other. By the end WWII Australia lost about 30,000 men and women.

Pierre Frankel in Moscow: Unfreezing Change Essay

The case describes the conundrum of Pierre Frankel, a devoted employee of H-IT which is a global IT company. He was sent to the Russian subsidiary of H-IT in Moscow, to improve the subsidiary’s performance and increase profitability. The environment that greeted Pierre on reaching the Moscow office is not at all welcoming: (i) Lebedev, who is the MD for the Russian subsidiary tried to hire a number two for himself but his move was rejected by the upper management. He knew that Pierre was the replacement and considers him a threat. (ii) The subsidiary’s 450 odd workforce considered Pierre as an outsider who is trying to bring with him a lot of structural changes and break the status quo. (iii) Many guidelines were in place, to ensure efficient functioning of the organization and were followed globally. But they were hardly ever implemented here, in the Russian subsidiary. (iv) The atmosphere that had been a result of Lebedev’s micromanagement discouraged teamwork and expression of new ideas. Not a single file could move from one desk to another without the knowledge of the MD. (v) All this can also be seen as a direct cultural implication of the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, as a result of which, the â€Å"Trust, but verify† ideology had been instilled into the Russian way of thinking. Essentially, Frankel had to act as a change catalyst and unfreeze the current state of affairs at the Russian subsidiary. If he is able to change the status quo, he will be able to reveal the drawbacks of the current situation. This is necessary because if the Russians were to improve their ways, it was necessary for them to believe that change is needed. Some constructive steps that he took to learn the Russian ways were: (i) In the first few weeks, he met all the relevent leaders in the organization including the line of business leaders to learn more about the subsidiary’s operations and laying the ground work for change. (ii) He tried to get into the good books of Nadia Abramova, the head of HR and who was rumored to be very close to Lebedev. (iii) He tried to identify people who were open to learn and willing to change. (iv) He tried to hire a native Russian to assist him with his agenda for change. He was opposed by Lebedev in this endeavor but  Frankel managed to get some resumes with the help of Nadia Abramova. Suggested Solution: The priority areas identified by Frankel were: increasing business predictability, improve sales efficiency and focus on strategic internal processes. To bring about a change in the organization, he had to change the way the employees thought and worked. He had to make the work environment full of energy, collaboration and trust for each other. To bring about this, Frankel had to change himself because the Russians were not going to mould their ways at the command of an outsider. It was just how they had become culturally. To do this, Frankel was correct in looking to hire a Russian guy who could help him connect with the other employees better. He should then try and communicate with Lebedev with a clear-cut agenda and get him on board. Lebedev’s change of outlook is key if productivity is to be increased at H-IT’s Russian subsidiary, otherwise, his services can be done away with. However great his connections may be and however good his communication skills may be, if his management style is proving detrimental to the company, he is no good.

Protecting the Global Environment Essay

1.Introduction Population growth is one of the major environmental issues today. Some people argue, that rapidly growing population is not only problem and humans will not destroy life-support system on which we all depend. Contrary some argue that growing population is a key driver factor of environmental destruction. The purpose of this research project is to explain the main arguments of both sides and to recommend possible action in order to face with most important problems. Many countries see contradictory the problem of population growth. Those country with relatively low population growth but high rates of consumption said that the population is a main problem. On the other hand countries with low level of consumption but high birth rates said that the consumption is a main problem. http://priven.com/popsprawl.html This debate is one of the main issues in modern view of environment, so which policy we should apply? Should we try to reduce population growth or consumption, or perhaps both? 2.Human population History According to Cunningham (2000) for a most of human history, population growth was very slow. Many studies of hunting and gathering societies show that the total world population wasn’t more than a few million people before innovation of agriculture and the domestication of animals around 10,000 years ago. The bigger and more secure food supply results in human population to growth, reaching perhaps 50 million people (b.c). Moreover, some historical evidence and description suggest that only about 300 million people were living at the time of Christ. During the Middle Age, many diseases and wars held world population. The main reasons were lack of hygiene and life condition and as consequence made human life short and uncertain. During the most destructive disease, plaque that took many lives between 1348 and 1350, it is estimated that at least one-third of European population perished. At the end of last great plague, there ware about 600 million people on the earth. After 1600 human population increase rapidly and in 1800 reach one billion. It took a century and a half more to reach the 1950 figure of 2.5 billion. But in a post World War II period the  populations was doubled in less than forty years, and exceed 5 billion. By the year 2000 world population had passed six billion. Today we are facing with a human population explosion, in other words every second approximately four or five children are born somewhere on the earth and in the same second two other people die. This means that we have increasing by an average of 250,000 in human population per day, which is equivalent of another Switzerland every 30 days, and a new China every 30 years. (www.nyo.unep.org/action/Text/06-t.htm) When we discussed population growth we must consider that 90% of the projected growth come from undeveloped or currently developed nations of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In these developing countries there are a number of socio-economic realities that lead women to have more children. In economies that depend on family or communal agriculture, children are an economic assets: they provide a valuable labour and the cost of rising them are very low. Many communities around the world still have limited access on adequate health care facilities, which often result in a high infant mortality rates and low life expectancy. When family lose, on average one in tree or four children they usually chose to have as many as it possible in order to maximize the number of children that will survive. On the other hand in developed countries where there are fewer educational and carrier opportunities, there tends to be earlier marriage and child – bearing. In some countries woman often start having babies when they are 15 years old, which result in more children per couple 3. Limiting population as a central strategy in protecting environment The debate about whether human population growth is a fundamental cause of ecological problems and whether limiting population should be a central strategy in protecting the environment has long historical roots. The rapid growing of population led the British classical economist Thomas Malthus in 1798 to write Essay on the Principle of Population as it affects the Future Improvement of Society. (Harris, 2001) He warned that the human  races will excide productivity capacity, leading to food crisis and poverty. History has proved Malthusian hypothesis wrong His predictions were undetermined by technological improvement. On the other hand, if we consider a more sophisticated variation, the argument that a growing human population and economy system will eventually outrun its biophysical support system, we can see that the debate has strong current relevance. Authors such as Paul and Anne Ehrlich published The population Bomb (1968) and later The population explosion (1990) warned that continuing population growth could overcome all the benefits of modern science and economic growth and result in devastated and miserable planet. This Neo-Malthusians point of view achieved more attention and provides the strong point in debate on population growth. According to this approach a limiting population growth would be result in solving many environmental problems however result vary a lot, depending on which country or which type of damage we are looking at. According to the Harrison (1994) the case of Madagascar shows clear links between growing population and land degradation. Madagascar’s forests have been reduced to a narrowing strip along the eastern escarpment. Of the original forest cover 27.6 million acres; only 18.8 acres remained in 1950. Today the number of acres forest is only 9.4 acres, which means that habitat for the island’s unique wild life has been halved in just forty years. Another example, which shows the process at work, is one village, Ambodiaviavy, near Ranomafana. Fifty years ago the whole area was dense forest. After French colonials burned down the old village, eight families came in Ambodiaviavy in 1947. At firstly they formed only valley bottoms, which they easily irrigated from the stream running down from the top of hills. There was no shortage on land and each family took as much of land as they were capable of working. After forty-tree years number of families grew to thirty-six but all-cultivable lands was occupied, so they started to clear forest, today they two-thirds of the way to the hilltop. Quite simply, more people on a planet will mean more resource to support them.  ·See level are arising It is not surprising that many criminologists are now warning that a massive  global climate shift is underway and the main reason are human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuel. Problems like erosion, acid rain or global warning sometimes we do not even know where they are happening until they are far advanced, as in a case of ozone hole. Many scientists predict that thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and polar ice will result to a metre rise in a see level over a next 100 years. One billion people may be at risk from a one-metre rise in a see level; many in the poorest countries while many of the low-lying Pacific and Indian Ocean nations may disappear. The thousand glaciers in east Himalayas have disappeared over the last century, 92% of Kenya’s largest glacier has gone over the same interval, Artic sea-ice has thinned 40% in the last 30 years, and the Greenland ice-sheet has thinned 6 metres since 1992. www.population.org.an/pressrm/newsle t/nl200212.pdf One of the most threatening possibilities is that a massive inflow of cold fresh water from the Artic will halt the Gulf Stream, which drives much of the global ocean circulation. As a consequence this would cause Europe to freeze while the rest of the world sweltered. Rather than wait for global crisis dictates that we should take an action now. However, most analysts accept that increasing population places extra stress on the environment and resources, and there is broad agreement that limiting population is necessary. But how is to be accomplished? According to the Harris (2001) most well known example of this is China’s â€Å"one-child† family policy. Birth rates can fall rapidly, however especially woman reach higher level of education, literacy, and take benefit from employment opportunities. Significant voluntary reduction of birth rates in many East Asian countries as well in the state of Kerala in India has resulted from higher levels of basic education, health care, and job security.  ·Taking action to address population growth There are many solutions that can be adopted in order to slow high growth population rates, done both by individual and community. Firstly help to develop awareness in the community, so that everyone can understands the impact of population growth on the environment. Second, respond to the media. Take action immediately to reports and comments about environmental  problems and make links between population growth and environmental issue and development issue. Thirdly, support family planning initiatives, in order to inform people more about this program and to let them know the benefits that effective family planning could have for their community and the whole global environment. Another step could be encouraging all levels of government support (both expertise and founds). And finally develop special program for women that create more opportunities for them to enter, re- enter or stay it the workforce, especially in undeveloped countries. 4. Population growth: opposing factor According to Harrison (1994) socialist from William Cobbett to Karl Marx attacked Malthus’s arguments that population growth need immediate limit. U. S. land reformer Henry George in Progress and poverty (1879) that a huge U. S. population growth had surged side by side with a huge increase in prosperity. Economist Julian Simmon see moderate population growth not a problem at all. Instead of limiting population, more people mean more brain to think up more solutions. † There is no meaningful limit to our capacity to keep growing forever. † he wrote in 1981 in the Ultimate Resource. There can be benefits as wall as disadvantages in large human population. According to the Cunningham (2000) more people mean larger markets, more workers and continuing scale of mass production. Large number of people also means more intelligence and enterprise to overcome problems such as pollution or resource limitation. Human creativity and intelligence can create new resource by sub stituting new materials for old materials. Technology will discover practically limitless new or replacement resources, that pollution will be controlled by technology. While population’s growth rates are definitely an issue, the size of human population is not the only determinant on the impact on the environment. The impact of people on their environment is not only in their number but also in their location in biosphere theirs level on consumption of energy and materials, and the technology used to attain a given standard of living. Mahatma Gandhi said 50 years ago that there is enough for everyone’s need, but not enough for everyone greed. According to the Alan Durning of the Worldwatch Institute, population acts as a multiplayer. Therefore, the total human impact on the  global environment can be reduced by the moderating consumption. For example, industrialized nations, home of 22 % of the world’s population, consume 60% of the world’s food, 70 % of its energy and 85 % of its wood. They generate almost three- quarters off all carbon dioxide emission, which make them the main causes of most of the ozone depletion. (Hartman, 1994). Moreover, there are numerous countries where governments use inappropriate incentives for a food production, such as excessive subsidies may result from poor policy planning.  ·Taking community action to address Unsustainable Consumption Many different actions can be implement in order to promote the concept of sustainable consumption. One of the actions is to help build awareness. Every individuals, organization and community can help aiming to change attitudes and behavioural toward environmental sound product selection and lifestyle choice. It can be operate an environmental awareness program, which explore links between local production, consumption and environment, while motivating people to change their own behaviour. Another step is work with schools and the media in order to inform future generation. Also to promote green- consumption, encouraging people to purchase â€Å"environmentally-sound† product whenever they are available. 5. Conclusion: There are many reasons that population growth has direct impact on environment. But which strategy we should choose in order to face with this problem? In the face of such uncertainty, we must ask what is at stake in the risky we chose to take. If the pessimist views of limits on the Earth turn out to be correct, the horror and misery that would unfold as a result of continued population growth. On the other hand, if optimists turn out to be correct, there will be many generations ahead in which a gift of life can be extended to additional billions. It is obvious that we need more than one strategy for dealing with growth. Therefore, solving a planet’s ecological crisis is not just about a having small families. Consumers also need to take responsibilities. It also should take into account the long-term effect  of those action could have on ecosystem at both local and global levels. References: Aaron org. (1999) Population Growth and Sprawl. [On line] Available from: http://www.priven.com/popsprawl.html Accessed: 17.11.2002 AESP, December 2000 Population: The neglected Element in the Greenhouse Debate [On line] Available from: http://www.population.org.an/pressrm/newslet/nl200012.pdf Accessed: 15.11.2002 Cunningham and Saigo, Environmental Science, Global Concern, McGraw Hull, 7th edition, 2002 p. 137-158 Harris M. J. (2001) Population and Environment. [on line] Available from: http://www.esig.ucar.edu/kuob/text.html Accessed: 17.11.2002. Goldford D.T. Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial Environmental issues, Dushkin/McGraw-Hill, 8th edition, 1999.

Urban wildlife management in arizona Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Urban wildlife management in arizona - Essay Example This is something that makes the wild animals insecure and can be used in explaining the fact that they have been attacking human beings without being provoked. The fact that their natural habitat has been invaded is already enough provocation to them (Luniak, 2004). This leads to the solemn point that the government should also make sure that in the bid of expanding citys wildlife should always be considered. There are a number of ways in which wildlife can be considered in such a case. This is because in this case they as just as endangered by the situation just like human beings are. There can be made plans that will see to it that their inhabitants are fortified in such a way that they will not be easily found in the areas that are inhabited by human being (p. 67). The wild animals that cannot be easily put away from human beings habitat could also undergo scientific gene modification to make sure that the hostility that they have towards human beings is moderated. Some people would argue that this would be endangering the wild animals, but industrialization and urban growth are already putting them and human being in danger with each side fighting for survival at any cost (p.